Circulatory System

• 1. Superior vena cava
  2. Inferior vena cava
  3. Right atrium
  4. Tricuspid valve
  5. Right ventricle
  6. Pulmonary valve
  7. Pulmonary arteries
  8. Lungs
  9. Pulmonary veins
  10. Left atrium
  11. Bicuspid/Mitral valve
  12. Left ventricle
  13. Aortic valve
  14. Aorta
• The circulatory system is the life support structure that nourishes cells with nutrients from the food you eat and oxygen from the air you breathe.
• The circulatory system is the organ system responsible for blood circulation, transporting vital elements such as oxygen, nutrients, and hormones, while also removing wastes from the body.
• The human heart, approximately the size of your fist, is a cone-shaped, muscular organ located at the center of our chest between the lungs
• It pumps blood throughout the body
• its right half containing deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body,
• its left half receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs. 
• The atria serve as receiving chambers, accepting blood from the body (right atrium) and lungs (left atrium),
• while the ventricles are the pumping chambers, moving blood to the lungs (right ventricle) and into the body (left ventricle).
•  The valves are like one-way doors that keep the blood moving in only one direction.
• Tricuspid valve -RA and RV Bicuspid valve-LA and LV Pulmonary valve-Pulmonary Artery Aortic valve-Aorta
• Blood is the internal circulating medium of the body, providing life to cells.
• It transports raw materials to cells, removes waste from cells, regulates the body's acid-base balance, and protects against diseases. 
• it transports essential elements in our body such as oxygen, nutrients, and hormones.
• Blood circulates in the body around 1500 times and travels up to 19,000 km per day.
• ARTERIOLES - These are fine branches of arteries that continually branch, forming a hollow like tree. 
• Venule - The fine microscopic branches of veins which branch into finer latticed structures. A venule is a small blood vessel in the microcirculation that

  allows deoxygenated blood to return from capillary beds to larger blood vessels called veins.
• ARTERIES are blood vessels responsible for carrying blood that leaves the heart. They carry oxygenated blood except the Pulmonary Artery.
• VEINS are blood vessels responsible for carrying blood back to the heart. It carries deoxygenated blood except for the Pulmonary Vein.
• CAPILLARY is the finest and the thinnest of all the blood vessels. They form a vast network where exchange of materials takes place.
• Pulmonary circulation carries oxygen-poor (deoxygenated) blood from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.
• Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
• • Angina Pectoris: Described as chest pain, often a squeezing or tight feeling in one’s chest, neck, shoulders, and arms.
• • Atherosclerosis: Results from arteriole tightening, increasing blood flow resistance, and characterized by plaque buildup in arteries.
• • Stroke: Occurs due to an interference with blood supply to the brain, leading to neurological damage and long-term disability.
• Heart Attack: Caused by insufficient blood supply to heart muscles, resulting in cell death and symptoms like chest pain and shortness of breath.
• • Rheumatic Heart Disease: Damages heart valves permanently due to fever post under-treated streptococcal infection.
• Electrons


  Negatively charged subatomic particles
• J.J. Thomson


  First person to accurately calculate the mass and charge of an electron
• Protons


  Positively charged subatomic particles
• Ernest Rutherford


  Credited with the discovery of protons
• Neutrons


  Neutrally charged subatomic particles
• James Chadwick


  Discovered neutrons in 1932
• Quantum Mechanical Model


  A better model of the atom developed by Louie de Broglie, Erwin Schrodinger, and Werner Karl Heisenberg
• Louie de Broglie


  Proposed that the electron could be thought of as a wave
• Erwin Schrodinger


  Used the wave idea to develop a mathematical equation to describe the hydrogen atom
• Werner Karl Heisenberg


  Discovered the Uncertainty Principle - the location and motion of a small particle like an electron cannot be exactly known
• Atomic orbital


  The volume or region of space around the nucleus where the electron is most likely to be found
• Electrons were originally thought to orbit around the nucleus in defined paths, but it was discovered that they move in waves in a defined space called electron clouds
• Quantum Mechanical Model


  Gives information about the energy of the electron and describes the region of space around the nucleus as consisting of shells