Articular System

• Articular System - deals with joints of the body and the surrounding tissue
• Joint/Articulation –connection between two bones
• Bursa/Bursae - a sack filled with fluid (synovial fluid)
• Note: As we get older, the synovial fluid become lesser.
• Tendon - structure connecting muscle to bone

  Ex. Tendon of Achilles - connecting gastrocnemius to the heel part of tool
• Ligament - structure connecting bones together (bone-bone)
• Classification according to Function (degree of movement)

  1. Synarthrosis - immovable joint (e.g. skull)
  2. Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable joint (between vertebrae)
  3. Diarthrosis - freely movable joint (e.g. knee, elbow)
• Classification according to structure

  1. Fibrous joint - united by dense fibrous connective tissue. Composed of collagen. No joint cavity
  2. Cartilaginous joint - unite two bones by cartilage (hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage). No joint cavity.
  3. Bony Fusion joint - abnormal union of bones (markings disappear when individual is older)
  4. Synovial joint - joint cavity or articular cavity, freely movable articulations. Found in between two bones is articular cavity surrounded by articular capsule which secretes the synovial fluid
• Classification according to specific types

  Fibrous joint

  1. Suture - interlocking joints (immovable; e.g. cranial sutures/bones)
  2. Syndesmoses - bones are separated by distance and held together by ligaments (Ex. Inferior tibio-fibular joint, joint between shafts of radius and ulna)
  3. Gomphoses - consists of peg fitted into sockets and held in place by ligaments. (Ex. teeth with the alveoli of the maxilla)
• Classification according to specific types

  Cartilaginous Joint

  1. Synchondrosis - bones are joined together by hyaline cartilage. Ex. costal cartilage connection between rib and sternum)
  2. Symphysis - bones are joined together by fibrocartilage. Ex. Between bodies of vertebra (intervertebral disc)
• Classification according to specific types

  Synovial Joint (according to shape of adjoining articular surface)

  1. Plane/gliding joint - gliding movement, end surfaces are flat. (ex. intercarpal joint)
  2. Saddle joint - movement similar to riding a horse. Saddle-shaped. (Ex. metacarpal bone of the thumb and the trapezium bone of the wrist)
  3. Hinge joint - decreasing angle or angular joint movement. (Ex. knee joint elbow)
• Classification according to specific types

  Synovial Joint (according to shape of adjoining articular surface)

  4. Pivot joint - mono rotational movement(monoxial joint). (Ex. joint between atlas and axis)

  5. Ball and socket - more rounded compared to condyloid. Hemispherical head fits into a cup-like cavity (Ex. Hip Joint, Shoulder Joint)

  6. Condyloid/Ellipsoid - oval-shaped condyle into an elliptical cavity. Similar to a ball-and-socket joint but with more restricted movement. (Ex. metacarpophalangeal joint)
• Classification

  A) Synarthrosis

  B) Fibrous

  C) Cartilaginous

  D) Bony Fusion

  E) Suture

  F) Gomphosis

  G) Synchondrosis

  H) Synostosis

  I) Cranial suture

  J) Teeth and sockets

  K) Epiphyseal plate and vertebrosternal cartilage

  L) Metopic suture and epiphysial line

  
• Classification

  A) Amphiarthrosis

  B) Fibrous

  C) Syndesmosis

  D) Interosseous Ligament and Tibiofibular Ligament

  E) Cartilaginous

  F) Symphysis

  G) Pubic symphysis

  H) Intervertebral disks

  I) Mandibular symphysis

  
• Classification

  A) Diarthrosis

  B) Synovial joint