Neoplasia II

• Malignant Neoplasms Classification:

  • Carcinoma (>90%)
  • Lymphoma
  • Leukaemia
  • Malignant melanoma
  • Sarcoma
  • Mixed Neoplasms (e.g., carcinosarcoma)
  • Embryonic neoplasms
  • Germ Cell Neoplasms
  • Glial Neoplasms
  • More common and rarer types
• Why Classify Malignant Neoplasms?

  • Prognosis and treatment optimization
  • Determining if primary tumor or metastasis
  • Evolving classification systems based on new knowledge
• Carcinoma Types:

  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Neuroendocrine carcinoma
  • Urothelial carcinoma
  • Basal cell carcinoma
  • Mixed carcinomas
  • Undifferentiated carcinoma
• Dysplasia:

  • Neoplastic change in epithelium showing some features of malignancy but not involving full thickness
  • Graded into mild, moderate, severe
• Carcinoma In Situ:

  • No invasion beyond basement membrane
  • Examples: squamous cell carcinoma in situ of skin, ductal carcinoma in situ of breast, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of uterine cervix
• Common Carcinomas:

  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Urothelial carcinoma
  • Undifferentiated carcinoma
• Effects of Malignancy:

  • General effects like fatigue, weight loss, anorexia
  • Effects of primary tumor like obstruction, bleeding, pain
  • Effects of metastasis like lumps, obstruction, bleeding, loss of function
• Haematological Effects of Malignancy:

  • Anaemia types: iron deficiency, megaloblastic, hypoplastic/aplastic, haemolytic
  • Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia
  • Increased clotting leading to deep vein thrombosis
  • Polycythaemia due to increased erythropoietin production