10 markers

• Outline and explain two ways that social change may affect patterns of marriage - paragraph one, secularisation?

  -          Society is changing to be less religious, so marriage less culturally important, and more opt for options like cohabitation

  -          Religious ceremonies accounted for less than one in five opposite-sex marriages in 2019

  -          Giddens, pure relationship – people are more likely to get married out of genuine love than because of traditional values
• Outline and explain two ways that social change may affect patterns of marriage - paragraph two, changes for women?

  • Changing gender roles have meant women have increased access to job opportunities, and less likely to view marriage as a source of security
  • 53% of women were in paid work in 1971, 72% in 2013
  • Sue Sharpe – women in the 70s to the 90s shifted their priorities from love and marriage to a career and independence
• Outline and explain two ways in which changing childbearing patterns may have influenced gender roles and relationships within families and households - paragraph one, children and economics?

  • Women have more options now than just motherhood, more women are working
  • 53% of women were in paid work in 1971, 72% in 2013
  • Policies such as the sex discrimination act have meant more women work, and more are career minded
  • Women are delaying having kids until they are financially stable due to high costs
• Outline and explain two ways in which changing childbearing patterns may have influenced gender roles and relationships within families and households - paragraph two, declining marriage?

  • Around half of children born are now out of marriage, double the number from 1986
  • Secularisation and the growth of alternatives like cohabiting
  • Dying nuclear family
  • Women are no longer getting married to have kids
• Outline and explain two ways in which increased life expectancy may have affected the experience of childhood - paragraph one, grandparents?

  • Increase in beanpole families
  • Children are more likely to live/have a relationship with their grandparents as they live longer
  • 68% of children in 2000 had relations with all four grandparents, compared to under 25% in 1900
  • Legal and general survey found grandparents carry out average of £73 a week of childcare
• Outline and explain two ways in which increased life expectancy may have affected the experience of childhood - paragraph two, disease?

  • Aging population means more struggle with old age diseases like cancer, dementia and parkinsons
  • Responsibility to care will fall on their children
  • Causes parents to split their time caring between their children and their parents, meaning they cannot give their children full attention
• Outline and explain two ways in which women's involvement in paid work has affected family structures - Paragraph one, marriage?

  • Changing gender roles have meant women have increased access to job opportunities, and less likely to view marriage as a source of security
  • 53% of women were in paid work in 1971, 72% in 2013
  • Sue Sharpe – women in the 70s to the 90s shifted their priorities from love and marriage to a career and independence
• Outline and explain two ways in which women's involvement in paid work has affected family structures - Paragraph two, decision-making?

  • Women's involvement in paid work allowed decision-making to become equal
  • Edgell in the 1980s: men make most important decisions, earning power dictates decision making power
  • Contributes to the growth in the symmetrical family – where man and woman hold equal power
• Outline and explain two ways in which the functions of the family may have been affected by changes to its structure - Paragraph one, lone parents?

  • Increasing lone parent families (divorce, children outside marriage)
  • Less income into the family means families cannot properly perform the economic function (as proposed by Murdock)
  • Increases reliance on the welfare state
• Outline and explain two ways in which the functions of the family may have been affected by changes to its structure - Paragraph two, symmetrical family?

  • Women and men are becoming more equal, thus more women are in employment
  • 53% of women were in paid work in 1971, 72% in 2013
  • Both parents being in work means they spend less time with children
  • Functionalists fear this may impact primary socialisation
• Analyse two ways that globalisation may affect domestic labour in the UK - Paragraph one, manual work?

  • Significant decline in areas such as iron and steel engineering as a result of globalisation
  • Imports from elsewhere or produced cheaper in China (cheap labour)
  • Loss of traditional working class occupations (eg miners under Thatcher) as materials are just imported from elsewhere
• Analyse two ways that globalisation may affect domestic labour in the UK - paragraph two, feminisation of migration?

  • Almost half of all global migrants are female
  • Shutes: 40% of adult care nurses in the UK are migrants, most of these are female
  • Ehrenreich and Hochschild: care work, domestic work and sex work in western countries like the UK and USA is increasingly done by women from poor countries
• Analyse two effects that increased choice in personal life has on family structures in the UK today - Paragraph one, ‘who they can be in a personal relationship with'?

  • Declining social stigma against alternatives to the nuclear family (eg cohabitation, homosexuality)
  • Same Sex Marriage Act introduced in 2014
  • Less people having kids, nuclear family is dying
  • Growth in same-sex families
• Analyse two effects that increased choice in personal life has on family structures in the UK today - Paragraph two, ‘more choices when a relationship ends’?

  • Divorce Reform Act 1969 introduced a no-fault divorce system
  • Divorce rate doubled between 1961 and 1969
  • About 40% of marriages end in divorce
  • Growth of lone parent families
• Analyse two ways in which demographic trends since 1900 may have affected the nature of childhood in the United Kingdom today - Paragraph one, ‘life expectancy has increased’?

  • Increase in beanpole families
  • Children are more likely to live/have a relationship with their grandparents as they live longer
  • 68% of children in 2000 had relations with all four grandparents, compared to under 25% in 1900
  • Legal and general survey found grandparents carry out average of £73 a week of childcare
• Analyse two ways in which demographic trends since 1900 may have affected the nature of childhood in the United Kingdom today - Paragraph two, ‘people now have fewer children’?

  • Fertility rate has fallen as a result of contraception and changing positions for women etc
  • Fertility rate in 1900 was 3.6, 2022 was 1.5
  • Meant families are smaller so parents can devote more individual care and attention to each child
• Analyse two ways in which family diversity in the UK has been influenced by government policies - Paragraph one, ‘increase in divorce since the 1960s’?

  • Divorce Reform Act 1969 introduced a no-fault divorce system
  • Divorce rate doubled between 1961 and 1969
  • About 40% of marriages end in divorce
  • Growth of lone parent families, less people marrying in the first place
• Analyse two ways in which family diversity in the UK has been influenced by government policies - Paragraph two, ‘more same-sex couples’?

  • Civil partnerships act 2004
  • Same-Sex Marriage Act in 2014
  • Meant same-sex couples could finally marry instead of only civil partnerships