2.2.6 lifestyle on some noncommunicable diseases

Cards (11)

  • What are risk factors?
    An aspect of a person’s lifestyle or substances in a person’s body / environment
    That have been shown to be linked to an increased rate of disease
  • What is the main risk factor for Type 2 diabetes?
    Obesity
  • Explain the effects of diet, smoking and exercise on cardiovascular disease
    1. Diet eg. high saturated fat increases cholesterol so increases rate of fatty material build-up in arteries
    2. Smoking → damages artery lining and raises blood pressure
    3. Lack of exerciseraises blood pressure
  • Explain the effect of alcohol on the liver and brain function
    Breakdown of alcohol by liver cells produces toxic substancescirrhosis (scarring) → liver failure
    So no bile made / lactic acid not broken down etc.
    Neurones in brain damaged
    Increases risk of liver cancer
  • Explain the effect of smoking on lung disease and lung cancer
    Damages alveolireduces surface area of alveolireduces gas exchange (lung disease)
    Chemicals inflame bronchi which damages ciliacan’t remove mucushigher risk of lung infections
    ● Carcinogens in smoke (tar) → increase risk of lung cancer
  • Explain the effects of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies
    Smoke contains carbon monoxide (toxic)binds to haemoglobin so blood carries less oxygen
    foetus receives less oxygenrisk of premature birth / stillbirth / reduced birth mass
    Alcoholincreased risk of miscarriage / premature birth / foetal alcohol syndrome
  • Explain how carcinogens are risk factors in cancer
    Carcinogen = a substance or form of radiation that can cause cancer
    Ionising radiation eg. X rays, UV light can cause DNA mutationsleading to uncontrolled cell division
  • Describe the difference between a risk factor that shows a correlation with
    the incidence of a disease and one that shows causation of a disease
    Correlation - link between factor and incidence disease - as one changes, the other does
    Causation - an increase in the risk factor results in the incidence of disease
    Correlation does not prove causation - there could be another factor
  • why is this statement wrong
    “Having a [named risk factor] means
    you will definitely get [a named
    disease].”
    Risk factors increase the likelihood of getting a disease, but don’t
    guarantee it. Many diseases are caused by an interaction of risk
    factors.
  • The number of people who are obese in the
    UK is increasing. Explain the financial
    impact on the UK economy of an increasing
    number of people who are obese. (2)
    Costs NHS / government / hospitals more money
    As need to pay for additional surgery / medication /
    hospital stay to treat stroke / diabetes
  • Other than stopping smoking, suggest two
    lifestyle changes a person can make to
    reduce the risk of CHD. (2)
    Reduce fat / cholesterol / sugary foods in diet
    Take regular exercise
    Reduce alcohol intake