dealing with offending behaviour

• What does Sutherland suggest about offending behavior?

  It may be acquired through learning from significant others.
• How does learning attitudes influence offending behavior?

  Exposure to pro-criminal values increases likelihood of offending.
• What is the primary purpose of custodial sentencing?

  To deter, punish, incapacitate, and rehabilitate offenders
• What does deterrence in custodial sentencing aim to achieve?

  To prevent crime through negative reinforcement
• What is the concept of retribution in custodial sentencing?

  Offenders should pay for their actions
• How does incapacitation function in custodial sentencing?

  It removes offenders from society to protect the public
• What is the goal of rehabilitation in custodial sentencing?

  To improve offenders' adjustment to society
• What psychological effect is associated with higher suicide rates in prisons?

  Stress and depression
• What is institutionalization in the context of custodial sentencing?

  Difficulty adjusting to life after prison
• What does prisonization refer to?

  Adopting inmate code behaviors unacceptable outside
• What is the recidivism rate in the UK within one year of release?

  45%
• What is the recidivism rate in Norway after two years?

  2%
• How do suicide rates in prison compare to the general population?

  9 times higher
• What did Bartol suggest about prisons and mental health?

  Prisons can be degrading and devastating
• What positive opportunity does custodial sentencing provide?

  Training and treatment for offenders
• What percentage of offenders who engaged in education are less likely to reoffend?

  43%
• What negative effect can prisons have on younger inmates?


  Learning criminal skills they didn't have
• What are the key components of behavior modification using token economies?

  • Operant conditioning for positive reinforcement
  • Tokens as secondary reinforcers
  • Operationalize target behaviors
  • Scoring system for behaviors
  • Staff training for consistency
• What is the purpose of tokens in a token economy?

  To be exchanged for rewards
• How should target behaviors be operationalized in a token economy?

  They must be objective, measurable, and agreed upon
• What is the scoring system in a token economy?

  Behaviors are hierarchal with varying rewards
• Why is staff training important in a token economy?

  To ensure consistent implementation of the program
• What did Hobbs and Holt find about token economies with 14-year-old boys?

  Targeted behavior improved significantly compared to control
• What is a criticism of token economies according to Blackburn?

  They may not affect long-term behavior
• How can token economies be abused?

  Staff may reward behaviors for personal convenience
• What human rights concern is raised by token economies?

  Prisoners may lose basic privileges unfairly
• What did Garrick and Morales find in their meta-analysis regarding token economies?

  Little difference in recidivism rates
• What is the main premise of anger management programs?

  To control anger to reduce criminal behavior
• What is the goal of cognitive preparation in anger management?

  To identify anger patterns and triggers
• What techniques are included in skill acquisition for anger management?

  Positive self-talk, effective communication, relaxation
• How do patients practice anger management techniques?

  Through role play in a controlled environment
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of anger management programs?

  Strengths:

  • More effective than behavior modification
  • Provides tools for managing behavior outside prison

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Requires high motivation from offenders
  • Expensive due to need for trained therapists
• What is the aim of restorative justice?

  To rehabilitate through reconciliation with victims
• What methods are used in restorative justice?

  Face-to-face meetings, mediation, indirect mediation
• What is required for restorative justice to work effectively?

  Agreement and investment from both parties
• What role does the trained mediator play in restorative justice?

  Supervises the meeting between offender and victim
• What is a feature of the restorative justice process?

  Non-courtroom setting for voluntary meetings
• How does restorative justice help victims?

  Allows them to express the crime's impact
• How can restorative justice affect sentencing?

  Can reduce sentencing or replace prison time
• What variations can restorative justice schemes include?

  Financial restitution, repairing damage, emotional support