Lesson 3

• • Is an ability to store, retain, and recall information and experiences.
  • Is our ability to encode, store, retain, and subsequently recall information and past experiences in the human brain.

  Memory
• Types of Memory:

  • Human Memory
  • Sensory Memory
  • Short-term Memory
  • Long-term Memory
  • Explicit Memory
  • Implicit Memory
  • Declarative Memory
  • Procedural Memory
  • Episodic Memory
  • Semantic Memory
• Is at the heat of memory

  Storage: Retaining Information
• • Is the shortest-term element of memory.
  • The ability to look at an item for a second and then remember what it looked like.
  • It is processed approximately 200-500 milliseconds after an item is perceived.

  Sensory Memory
• Duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses

  • Iconic - 0.5 sec. long
  • Echoic - 3-4 sec. long
  • Hepatic - <1 sec. long
• Is the brief time of keeping something in mind before dismissing it or pushing it into long-term memory.

  Short-term Memory (Working Memory)
• The hippocampus and subiculum store short-term memories
• The capacity of the working memory may be increased by "chunking".
• • Is the ability to store more information for long periods of time like phone numbers, names, and address from when we were kids
  • Can store much larger quantities of information for potentially unlimited duration. Its capacity is immeasurably large.
  • Is often divided into two further types explicit memory and implicit memory

  Long-term memory
• Types of long-term Memory:

  • Explicit Memory
  • Implicit Memory
• Factual knowledge & personal experiences

  Explicit memory
• Types of Explicit Memory:

  • Episodic Memory
  • Semantic Memory
• Long-term memories of conditioned responses and learned skills.

  Implicit Memory
• • Refers to those memories that can be consciously recalled
  • It is sometimes called explicit memory, since it consists of information that is explicitly stores and retrieved, although it is more properly a subset of explicit memory

  Declarative/Explicit Memory ("knowing what")
• Declarative memory can be further sub-divided into episodic memory and semantic memory
• • Represents our memory of experiences and specific events in time in a serial form, from which we can reconstruct the actual events.
  • Personal experiences linked with specific times and places
  • Serial memory of events

  Episodic Memory
• • Is a more structured record of facts, meanings, concepts and knowledge about the external world that can be described and applied.
  • Impersonal facts and everyday knowledge.
  • Structured memory of facts, concepts, skills.

  Semantic Memory
• • Is the unconscious memory of skills and how to do things, particularly the use of objects or movements of the body, such as playing a guitar or riding a bike.
  • Is sometimes referred to as Implicit memory, because previous experiences and conscious awareness of these previous experiences.

  Procedural Memory ("Knowing how")
• Procedural Memory is sometimes referred to as implicit memory.
• Once information has been encoded and stored in memory, it must be retrieved in order to be used.

  Memory Retrieval
• There are four basic ways in which information can be pulled from long-term memory.

  • Recall
  • Recollection
  • Recognition
  • Relearning
• • Calling back the stored information in response to some cue for use in a process or activity
  • The Brain "replays" a pattern of neural activity that was originally generated in response to a particular event.

  Memory Recall/Retrieval
• Five Theories of Forgetting:

  1. Decay
  2. Interference
  3. Motivated Forgetting
  4. Encoding Failure
  5. Retrieval Failure
• Memory Degrades with time.

  Decay Theory
• One memory competes (interferes) with another.

  Interference Theory
• New information interferes with old.

  Retroactive Interference
• Old information interferes with new.

  Proactive Interference
• Two types of Interference:

  1. Retroactive Interference
  2. Proactive Interference
• Motivation to forget, unpleasant, painful, threatening, or embarrassing memories

  Motivated Forgetting
• Information in STM is not encoded in LTM

  Encoding Failure
• Memories stores in LTM are momentarily inaccessible

  Retrieval Failure
• Forgetting: Memory Failure
• • Remembering to do something in the future
  • Absentmindedness

  Prospective Memory
• Remembering what to do.

  Content
• Remembering when to do it.

  Timing
• • Age factor
  • Brain injury etc...

  Amnesia
• Inability to store new information and events

  Anterograde Amnesia
• Inability to retrieve past information and events

  Retrograde Amnesia