Government made decisions that influenced settlements (ex. for easy transport, railway could lead to settlements along the route)
The Brazilian government saw that the middle of Brazil was underdeveloped, so they moved the capital to middle (Brasilia) to replace Rio De Janeiro; this increased the growth rate
Political conflicts = political refugees leave their countries in fear that they will be harmed due to their political beliefs
Refugee settlements in receiving countries can grow if a conflict continues for a long time