1.1 - Skeletal Muscle

• Long Bones


  Longer than they are wide, works as a lever, essential for movement

  Example: Phalanges, tibia, fibula, femur, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, metatarsals
• Irregular Bone

  All the other bones that don't fit into a category, vary in sizes and shapes

  Example: Vertebrae, coccyx, mandible
• Short Bone

  Cube shaped bones, small and compact, allow intricate movements

  Examples: Carpals and Tarsals
• Flat Bone


  Have curved surfaces, protect organs, large surface area for muscle attachment

  Example: Cranium, Sternum, Ribs, Pelvis, Sacrum
• Inferior


  A bone that is lower in relation to another

  Example: The tibia is inferior to the femur
• Superior


  A bone that is higher in relation to another

  Example: The humerus is superior to the radius
• Proximal


  A bone that is closer to the middle of the body

  Example: The humerus is proximal
• Distal


  A bone that is closer to the middle of the body

  Example: The ulna is distal to the humerus
• Medial


  A bone that is closer to the centerline of the body

  Example: The sternum is medial to the ribs
• Lateral


  A bone that is further away to the centerline of the body

  Example: the ribs are lateral to the sternum
• Posterior


  A bone that is towards the back of the body

  Example: the scapula is posterior to the ribs
• Anterior


  A bone that is towards the front of the body

  Example: The patella anterior to the femur
• Cartilage


  Firm and smooth connective tissue, adds protection to articulating bones and acts as a shock absorber within a joint
• Ligament

  Allow bones to articulate to form a joint; strong, fibrous tissie that firmly holds bones in place; allow certain movements at joints and restrict other movements; can be injured when force is applied in an opposite direction
• Tendon

  Allows bone to articulate to from a joint; strong fibrous tissue that firmly holds bone in place ; allow certain movements at joints and restrict other movements; can be injured when force is applied in an opposite direction
• Tendon

  Allows bone to articulate to from a joint; strong fibrous tissue that firmly holds bone in place ; allow certain movements at joints and restrict other movements; can be injured when force is applied in an opposite direction
• Fibrous

  Connects bone with dense fibrous connective tissue

  Example: Skull

  NO MOVEMENT
• Cartilaginous

  Unite bones using cartilage, comes in 2 types: synchondroses and symphyses

  Example: Vertebrae

  LITTLE MOVEMENT
• Synovial

  Articular cartilage that covers the opposing bone surfaces, bandlike ligaments, a joint cavity, synovial fluid lubricant, a fibrous joint capsule, sensory nerve fibers and blood vessels

  Example: Knee, elbow, hips

  FREELY MOVABLE
• Articular Cartilage

  Protection at the end of bones, to prevent friction between articulating bones
• Bursae


  Tiny sacs filled with fluid, found between tendon and bone, reduces friction
• Joint Capsule

  To stabilise the joint, distribute the biomechanical load of the joint and protect the joint bu limiting its normal range of motion
• Ligament


  A band of string tissue that holds bone together, providing stability to a joint
• Meniscus


  Tough, flexible discs of cartilage that allows bones to fit together. Increases joint stability and reduces wear and treat of joints.
• Synovial Fluid


  Natural. lubricant that fill the joint capsule, reduces friction within the joint.
• Synovial Membrane


  Inner layer of the joint capsule which covers all internal surfaces so secretion of synovial fluid can reduce friction within the joint.
• Ball and Socket

  Triaxial joint with movement through all planes; more susceptible to injury due to increased movement range.

  Example Shoulder and hip

  
• Hinge

  Uniaxial joint, fused together so movement is limited to one range of movement.

  Example: Elbow and knee

  
• Gliding


  Slide across each other, least amount of movement out of all synovial joints.

  Example: Carpals (wrist)

  
• Condyloid


  Bi-axial joint allowing movement in two planes.

  Example: between metacarpal and phalanges

  
• Pivot


  Rounded surface of one bone rolls around a ring formed by ligament and bone.

  Example: Radioulnar joint; neck joint (between axis and atlas bones at the top of the vertebrae/base of the skull)

  
• Saddle

  Movement is restricted to up and down and side to side.

  Example: Thumb