I. B - Cell

• Cell wall - outer layer external to the plasma membrane
• Primary cell wall - cellulose

  Secondary cell wall - lignin
• Middle lamella - Glues adjacent cell walls together
• Lacuna - space when the plant is dying
• Plasmodesmata - connects cytoplasm from one cell to another
• Protoplast - cell sap of a plant cell, consisting of:

  1. Cell wall
  2. Cell sap
  3. Cytoplasm
• Plastids - close-related organelles that are unique to photosynthetic eukaryotes

  1. Chloroplasts - site of photosynthesis
  2. Chromoplasts - provide protection
  3. Leucoplasts - food/starch storage
• Pigments of plastids

  1. Chloroplasts - chlorophyll and carotene
  2. Chromoplasts - carotene and xanthophyll
  3. Leucoplasts - no pigment
• Types of leucoplasts

  1. Proteinoplast
  2. Amyloplast
  3. Elaioplast
• Locomotory organelles

  1. Cilia - short, hair-like protrusions
  2. Flagella - long, whip-like
• Chloroplasts undergo cyclosis to:

  1. Maximize light absorption
  2. Distribute photosynthetic products evenly
• Plant crystals - store metabolic waste in the central vacuole
• Compositions of plant crystals and structures

  1. Calcium oxalate
  2. Raphides - needle-like in large numbers
  3. Styloid - large solitary needle
  4. Druse - spherical
  5. Prismatic - prism
  6. Calcium carbonate
  7. Club-like
  8. Worm-like