Psychology

• Classification of art according to medium:

  • Visual Arts: those that can be seen; space arts
  • Auditory Arts: those that can be heard
  • Performing Arts: those that can be seen or heard
• Visual Arts include painting and related arts
• Painting is an image created using pigments on a surface such as paper or canvas

  • Pigments can be in wet form (paint) or dry form (pastel)
• Related arts to painting:

  • Tapestry: strong cloth with colored threads woven into it to create a picture or design
  • Mosaic: art or image made from assembling small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials
  • Stained glass: colored glass used to form decorative designs, notably for church/mosque windows
  • Prints
  • Drawing
• Architecture is the art of designing and constructing buildings for various functions
• Principles of construction:

  • Post-and-Lintel: uses two vertical posts spanned by a horizontal beam
  • Arch: consists of separate pieces of wedge-shaped blocks arranged in a semicircle
  • Barrel vault: one placed directly behind another to produce a tunnel-like structure
  • Groin vault: formed by intersecting arches
  • Dome: built on a framework formed by a series of arches rising from consecutive points on a base called the drum
• Sculpture is a three-dimensional work of art representing natural or imaginary shapes

  • Types:
  • Free-standing or sculpture in the round
  • Relief sculpture: figures project from a flat background
  • High relief: figures project to the extent of one half their thickness or more
  • Low or bas relief: forms are slightly raised
  • Kinetic sculpture: movement is a basic element
• Mediums for sculpture:

  • Stone
  • Wood
  • Metal
  • Scrap or any found objects
• Techniques for sculpture:

  • Subtractive (carving)
  • Additive (modeling, casting, fabrication)
  • Carving: involves removing unwanted portions of the raw material
  • Modeling: working of plastic materials by hand to build up form
  • Casting: making an object by pouring molten material into a mold
  • Fabrication: an additive process that employs methods of joining or fastening
• Examples of fabrication:

  • Nailing
  • Stapling
  • Soldering
  • Welding
• Auditory art includes instrumental mediums like strings and woodwinds
• Strings:

  • Stringed instruments have a hollow sound box across which strings are stretched
  • Strings are made to vibrate by means of a horsehair bow rubbed over them
• Woodwinds:

  • Three branches of the woodwind family have different sources of sound
  • Vibrations begin when air is blown across the top of an instrument, across a single reed, or across two reeds
• Woodwind instruments like the clarinet and bass clarinet are made from wood
• The clarinet produces a fluid sound when air is blown between a single reed and the mouthpiece
• The bass clarinet is a larger and lower sounding relative of the clarinet, also made of wood
• The saxophone, although made of brass, is considered a member of the woodwind family due to its single reed
• The oboe and English horn are double-reed instruments in the woodwind family
• The bassoon and contrabassoon are large double-reed instruments with lower sounds in the woodwind family
• Brass instruments produce their unique sound by the player buzzing their lips while blowing air through a mouthpiece
• The trumpet, trombone, French horn, and tuba are main instruments of the brass family
• The percussion family includes instruments played by being struck, shaken, or scraped
• Percussion instruments are classified as tuned or untuned
• The bass drum, snare drum, cymbals, tambourine, triangle, timpani, chimes, glockenspiel, and xylophone are all percussion instruments
• Keyboard instruments are often classified as percussion instruments because they play a rhythmic role in some music
• Most keyboard instruments are not true members of the percussion family because their sound is not produced by the vibration of a membrane or solid material
• The piano produces sound by small hammers striking strings, making it a string instrument
• The harpsichord, an early relative of the piano, produces sound differently from a piano
• The celesta consists of small steel bars struck by hammers controlled by a keyboard, producing an ethereal sound
• The organ is a wind instrument where air flowing into pipes creates the sound
• Some keyboard instruments like the accordion and concertina have free reeds that vibrate back and forth in a slot
• Nerves carry messages between different parts of the body and the central nervous system (CNS).
• Mediums in arts can be classified into visual or space arts, auditory or time arts, and combined or performing arts
• Visual arts are those that can be seen and occupy space, while auditory arts are those that can be heard and exist in time
• Artists use different materials, known as mediums, to convey their thoughts and ideas
• Artists describe the specific materials they work with to create a piece of art, such as the type of paint used and the support it was painted on
• Sculptors may use materials like metal, wood, clay, bronze, or marble as their medium
• Artists who use multiple media in a single piece of art typically call it "mixed media," common for techniques like collage
• Artists can choose to work with less traditional materials as their medium, such as used chewing gum or dog hair
• The word "medium" is also used to refer to the substance that binds a pigment to create a paint