Joints

• -Joints are connections between bone and bone
• We connective tissue around the bone, holding it together, is known, as ligaments ligaments are very strong, but have limited stretch
• Four ligaments hold our tibia and Fibia
• Tendons are muscle to bone
• There are four groups for classifying joints.

  1.fibrous which has no movement

  2. Synovial: full movement and is fluid filled. There are six types.

  3. cartilaginous: some movements, no joints cavity
• There are six types of synovial joints:

  pivot, hinge, gliding, condyloid, ball and socket, and saddle
• Pivot Uni axial, one joint with bump on C2 and provides rotation
• Gliding joint is Uni axial bones and glide against each other
• Hinge is uniaxial, provides extension and flexion
• Saddle by axial, no rotation
• Conoid biaxial flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction
• Ball and socket has great range of movements and is triaxial.
• bursa is a gel filled sack between the bone and tendon
• Hyaline cartilage also known as articular cartilage receives nourishment from synovial fluid and protect surface of bone
• Joints cavity is the black space between bones so they don’t touch
• synovial fluid found inside joint cavity and is a lubricant between bones, decreasing friction providing nourishment for the articulating Cartlidge
• Joint capsule is made up of connective fibres and hold synovial fluid in place
• Connective tissue, also known as ligaments attached bone to bone and help as static stabilizers
• Meniscus Cartlidge that increases joints, stability
• Tendons made up of collagen, attach muscle to bone and has blood supply. They are also known as dynamic stabilizers.
• Ligaments have no blood supply are tough bands of white fiber, tissue, and connect bone to bone
• muscles are named based on their function, direction of fiber, location, number of heads, shape, and points of attachment
• Origin where muscle attaches to the least moveable area of the bone of the axial skeleton
• Insertion where muscle attaches to the bone that is moved the most
• Function what the muscle does when activated
• Strain caused by hyper extension movements is about muscle and joint
• A sprain it’s a ligament or tendon, which is caused by inversion
• A pull affects a muscle
• Tendonitis repeated injury causing inflammation which causes increase in pressure around the joints
• Dislocation, bone displaced from original location
• Separation fibrous ligaments that bind into the bone, tear and separate
• Cartlidge, torn Cartlidge
• Shin splints, tearing of the interosseous membrane, for example, between the tibia and the Fibia
• P.I.E.R principal

  P - pressure tensor wrap

  I- ice placed on affected area

  E- elevate to reduce swelling

  R- restrict/rest tensors
• SHARP for symptoms

  S- swelling instantly or overtime

  H- heat increased temp in area

  A-Altered tissue will not function properly

  R- red in colour

  P- painful to touch or move