Hormones

• Estrogen 


  Stimulates uterine & mammary gland development and function, stimulates development of secondary sexual characteristics, important in regulating sexual behavior & menstrual cycle
• Progesterone


  Proper development and function, inhibits ovulation, if pregnancy occurs-important for maintaining uterine lining
• Placental hormone


  Maintains corpus luteum; increases rate of progesterone secretion during first trimester
• Insulin


  Decreases blood glucose (stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver)
• Glucagon


  Increases blood glucose; increases breakdown of glycogen
• somatostatin (GH-RIH)


  inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon; inhibits secretion of GH from anterior pituitary
• mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)


  increases water absorption thereby decreasing urine output increased Na+ reabsorption; increased K+ and H+ excretion
• Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)


  Decreases protein synthesis, releases fatty acids from adipose, increases glucose production; inhibits immune response & decreases inflammation
• androgens (testosterone & estrogen)


  plays minor role in males; development of secondary sexual characteristics, maintains libido (adult); only source of estrogen after menopause
• epinephrine / norepinephrine


  sympathetic stimulation; increases heart rate and respiration, elevates BP, increases blood glucose
• erythropoietin


  stimulates RBC formation
• thymosin


  promotes development and maturation of T-lymphocytes
• melatonin


  may help regulate sleep-wake cycles; inhibits gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
• inhibin


  inhibits FSH secretion
• Testosterone


  Stimulates development of secondary sexual characteristics; maintains male sex organs and sexual behavior; supports spermatogenesis
• releasing or inhibiting hormones (RH & IH)


  regulation of hormone secretion
• growth hormone inhibiting hormone (somatostatin)

  decreases growth hormone secretion
• prolactin-inhibiting hormone


  decreases prolactin secretion
• prolactin-releasing hormone


  increases prolactin secretion
• thyrotropin releasing hormone


  increases thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion
• corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

  increases adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion
• antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin)


  increases water reabsorción, constricts arteriolas, increases BP
• oxytocin

  milk letdown and uterine contractions
• growth hormone (GH)


  increases protein synthesis, increased utilization of lipids and carbohydrates; stimulates growth of muscles and bones
• prolactin (PRL)


  milk production; increased response of follicle to LH and FSH
• thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (thyrotropin)


  stimulates thyroid hormone secretion
• adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)


  stimulates glucocorticoid secretion
• follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)


  promotes development and maturation of ovarian follicles and eggs; promotes sperm formation in testes
• luteinizing hormone (LH)


  ovulation & progesterone production in ovaries; testosterone synthesis/secretion, support for sperm cell production
• thyroid hormone (TH), T3 & T4


  increases metabolic rate
• calcitonin


  stimulates osteoblasts (bone deposition), inhibits osteoclasts; results in decrease in blood Ca and phosphate
• parathyroid hormone (PTH) (parathormone)


  promotes reabsorption of bone tissue by osteoclasts; stimulates Ca absorption and phosphorus excretion at kidney