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• Research is the scientific investigation of phenomena involving the collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of facts aligning speculation with reality
• Solutions to problems in research must be based on knowledge, not beliefs or theories
• Inquiry is a seeking for truth, information, or knowledge, and is synonymous with investigation
• Research is systematic, objective, and a creative process of knowledge creation
• The purpose of research is to inform action, prove or generate theories, and augment knowledge in a field or study
• Research in daily life directs us to inquire about the right information, empowers us with knowledge, and facilitates learning and public awareness
• Characteristics of research include being empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, critical, methodical, and replicable
• The seven steps of the research process:

  1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem)

  2. Find background information about your chosen topic (Review of Related Literature)

  3. Plan your research design including your sample (Methodology)

  4. Gather necessary data using open-ended questions or closed-ended questionnaires

  5. Process and analyze data using thematic analysis or statistical tools

  6. Formulate new insights or conclusions and recommendations

  7. Define new problems
• Research ethics are guidelines for responsible conduct in research, promoting high standards, expanding knowledge, and supporting collaborative work
• Ethical considerations in conducting research include objectivity, integrity, respect for subjects' rights, presentation of findings, and more
• Rights of research participants include human rights, intellectual property protection, and respect for dignity and privacy
• Intellectual Property protects creations of the mind with moral and commercial value
• Copyright Infringement is the use or production of copyright-protected material without permission
• Examples of copyright infringement include downloading movies without payment, recording movies in a theatre, using others' photographs without permission, copying software code without credit, and creating videos with unlicensed music
• Voluntary Participation in research ensures individuals are not coerced and must give informed consent
• Anonymity protects people's identity by not disclosing their name or exposing their identity
• Privacy is the right to keep personal matters and relationships secret, secluding oneself from research disturbance
• Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism, eroding trust between researchers and funding agencies
• Plagiarism is using another person's ideas, works, processes, and results without giving credit
• Plagiarism includes failure to cite quotations, enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and put summaries in one's own words
• Qualitative Research aims to create new theory based on gathered data, while Quantitative Research tests hypotheses or theories
• Qualitative Research uses natural settings and storytelling, while Quantitative Research uses measurement settings and numbers
• Qualitative Research samples are small and judgment-based, while Quantitative Research samples are large and representative
• Qualitative Research data gathering is unstructured, using interviews and observations, while Quantitative Research is standardized, using surveys and questionnaires
• Qualitative Research data analysis is subjective, while Quantitative Research is objective and statistical
• Qualitative Research cultivates understanding with high validity, while Quantitative Research has high output replicability
• Qualitative and Quantitative Research both involve inquiry, improve understanding, start with a problem and use inductive and deductive methods
• Qualitative Research characteristics include human understanding, multiple research approaches, and diversified data in real-life situations
• Qualitative Research strengths include promoting understanding of human behavior, societal changes, and respect for individuality
• Qualitative Research weaknesses include researcher subjectivity, data validity/reliability challenges, and time-consuming processes
• Kinds of Qualitative Research include Case Studies and Ethnography
• 6. Grounded Theory - discovers new theories during data collection and analysis, like "The Story Behind the Migration of Christians from Visayas and Luzon to Mindanao"

  7. Narrative Report - presents past events logically, e.g., "Vocabulary Building of Students through Proper Solid Waste Management"

  8. Biography - studies an individual's life and struggles reflecting cultural themes, with types like Scholarly Chronicles, Intellectual Biography, Life History Writing, Memoir Biography, and Narrative Biography

  9. Action Research - classroom-based research aiming for transformative change through action, commonly conducted by teachers to improve academic performance and attitudes of students
• Types of qualitative research methods:

  1. Phenomenon - focuses on a specific phenomenon like "Teenage Pregnancy in Public High Schools"

  2. Ethnography - studies a particular cultural group, for example, "Cultural Awareness and Integration of Peace Education in Indigenous Peoples Communities"

  3. Phenomenology - explores the "live-experienced" aspect of a phenomenon, such as "Life without Gadget"

  4. Content and Discourse Analysis:

  • Content Analysis: analyzes modes of communication like letters and emails
  • Discourse Analysis: studies social life through language, including face-to-face talk and non-verbal interactions

  Example: "A Discourse Analysis on the Impact of Modern Technologies on Communication"

  5. Historical Analysis - examines past events to draw conclusions and make predictions about the future, e.g., "The Impact of Ferdinand Marcos' Speech"
• Importance of Qualitative Research:

  • Analyzes concrete cases in temporal and local particularity
  • Provides insight into the complexity of common occurrences
  • Offers specific details for understanding in a particular setting
  • Reveals "local" meanings of activities and practices for participants
  • Develops a comparative understanding of phenomena experienced by different participants in various settings
• Research Title Elements:

  1. Subject matter or topic investigated

  2. Place or locale of the research

  3. Population like respondents or interviewees

  4. Time period of the study for data collection
• Rules in Choosing a Research Topic:

  1. Interest in the subject matter

  2. Availability of information

  3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic

  4. Limitations on the subject

  5. Personal resources
• Research Topics to Be Avoided:

  1. Controversial topics

  2. Highly technical subjects

  3. Hard-to-investigate subjects

  4. Too broad or too narrow subjects

  5. Vague subjects
• Sources of Research Topics:

  1. Mass media communication

  2. Books, Internet, peer-reviewed journals

  3. Professional and general periodicals

  4. Previous reading assignments

  5. Work experience
• In single-celled organisms, substances can easily enter the cell due to a short distance
• In multicellular organisms, the distance for substances to enter the cell is larger because of a higher surface area to volume ratio