Biology Final

• Birth Control:

  • sometimes called contraception
  • a way to prevent unwanted pregnancy
  • protection against STIs
  • keeping the sperm away from the egg
• Types of Birth Control:

  • Natural
  • Chemical & Hormonal
  • Surgical
  • Barrier
• Calendar Rhythm Method

  • predicting fertile days by tracking the length of menstrual cycle over several months (atleast 6 periods)
• Predicting 1st Fertile Day

  1. Find the shortest cycle in your past period
  2. Subtract 18 from the total number of days in that cycle
  3. Count the number from day 1 of current cycle and mark that day with an “X”
  4. The day marked “X” is your fertile day
• Predicting the Last Fertile Day:

  1. Find the longest cycle in your record
  2. Subtract 11 from the total number of days in that cycle
  3. Count that number from day 1 of your current cycle and mark that day with an “X”
  4. The days marked “X” is the last fertile day
• Billings Method

  • help to predict ovulation by tracking changes in vaginal discharge throughout menstrual cycle
• Basal Body Temperature Method

  • Use to predict ovulation by tracking the changes in body temperature during menstrual cycle
  • For most people, 36 degree Celsius to 37 degree Celsius is the typical temperature before ovulation. It will go 1 degree up after ovulation.
• Basal Body Temperature Method Procedure

  • Take body temperature the same way every day for 3 months
  • Check body temperature as soon as you wake up, before getting out of bed, talking, eating, drinking etc.
  • Safe days begin after the increase in body temperature lasts for at least 3 days and end when temperature drops
• Types of Surgical Methods:

  • Tubal Ligation
  • Vasectomy
• Sterilization/Tubal Ligation

  • Surgical procedure that permanently prevent pregnancy
  • Fallopian tubes are tied, blocked or cut
  • Prevents the mature egg from traveling from ovaries through fallopian tubes
• Vasectomy

  • Male sterilization
  • Surgical procedure that cut, tied or sealed the vas deferens
  • Prevents the sperm from entering the urethra
• Incision Method (Vasectomy)

  • Small cut is made on scrotum
• No-Scalpel(No-cut) Method

  • Tiny puncture (hole) is made to reach the vas deferens
  • No stitches and heals quickly
• Genetic Counseling

  • often includes diagnosis of parental genotypes, detailed pedigrees, and genetic testing for hundreds of known metabolic disorders

  during counseling, parents must be reminded that the same risk usually applies to each pregnancy.
• Pre-implantation Diagnosis

  • relies on in-vitro fertilization
  • sperm and egg s from prospective parents are placed in a glass or plastic petri dish
  • undifferentiated cells are removed from fertilized egg and analyze its genes
  • if the cell has no detectable genetic defects, the ball is inserted into the uterus
  • Test-tube babies
• Phenotypic Treatment

  symptoms of genetic disorders can be minimized or suppressed by dietary controls, adjustments to environmental conditions and surgical intervention or hormone replacement therapy
• Prenatal Diagnosis

  • methods can be used to determine the sex or embryos or fetuses and more than a hundred genetic conditions.
  • Amniocentesis (analysis of amniotic fluid)
  • Chorionic Villi Sampling (CVS)
  • Fetoscopy

  *All three procedures may accidentally cause infection or puncture the fetus.
• Types of Tissues:

  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Nervous
  • Muscle
• Nervous Tissue Functions:

  • provides support for the nervous system
  • carry out impulses
• Muscle Tissue Functions:

  • provides support and body movement
• Epithelial Tissue Functions:

  • lines/covers the interior and exterior body surfaces
• Connective Tissue Functions:

  • provides support for the body and connects its path
• Types of Natural Birth Control:

  • Abstinence
  • Withdrawal
  • Calendar Rhythm
  • Cervical mucus method
  • Basal Body Temperature
  • Breastfeeding
• Types of Chemical and Hormonal Birth Controls:

  • Pills and Patch
  • Spermicides
  • Implants
  • IUD
  • Injectables
  • Vaginal Rings
  • Birth control Sponge
• Types of Barrier Birth Control:

  • Condoms
  • Internal/Female Condoms
  • Diaphragm Cervical cap