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• Community as shared political territory & heritage:

  • Refers to a group of people living in the same geographical area with locally bounded interpersonal ties
  • Based on shared government and common cultural and historical heritage
• Local boundaries of the community include institutions like family, education, government, health care, and mass media
• Community as a network of interpersonal ties based on common interest:

  • Networks of interpersonal ties based on common interest
  • Provides mutual support, a sense of identity, and belongingness
  • Examples include sporting community, business community, online/virtual community, and civil society organizations
• Community as the profound sharing of spiritual and/or emotional connection:

  • Pertains to spiritual and emotional connections to others based on shared experiences
  • Examples include disaster survivors, communities of people with HIV, and religious communities
• Sense of community:

  • Feeling of belonging and mattering to one another
  • Shared faith that members' needs will be met through commitment to be together
• Elements of community:

  1. Membership:

  • Boundaries, emotional safety, sense of belonging, common symbol system

  1. Influence:

  • Feeling of importance and value within the community

  1. Integration & fulfillment:

  • Feeling of fulfillment from personal investments in community activities

  1. Shared emotional connection:

  • Sense of cultural and historical heritage, shared experiences
• Community structures:

  1. Community social structures:

  • Social institutions, social groups, status, role

  1. Community cultural structure:

  • Symbols, language, norms, values, beliefs, rituals, artifacts

  1. Community political structure:

  • Political organizations, power relations, leadership structure

  1. Community economic structure:

  • Capital assets, vulnerability context, business climate, trade
• Community dynamics:

  • Changes in community power structures and population composition over time
• Factors affecting changes in community power structures:

  1. Fertility
  2. Mortality
  3. Migration
• Types of community power structures:

  1. Pluralist
  2. Elitist
  3. Factional
  4. Amorphous
• Community typologies:

  • Gemeinschaft vs. Gesellschaft
  • Local vs. global community
  • Urban vs. rural community
• Community sector:

  1. Public sector
  2. Private sector
  3. Voluntary sector
  4. For-benefits sector
• Social space:

  • Geographical or virtual community where people gather due to common interests
• Community actions refer to collective efforts by people directed towards addressing social problems to achieve social well-being
• Community engagement involves developing partnerships and sustaining relationships with groups of people to work for the common good and address issues affecting well-being
• In schools, community engagement can take the form of:

  • Service Learning: teaching methodology that employs community service and reflection to develop community engagement and social responsibility
  • Community Outreach: voluntary services in response to social, economic, and political needs
  • Community-engaged research (CEnR): collaborative research process between faculty, student researchers, and partner communities
• Levels of Community Engagement (I.C.I.A):

  1. Information: one-way relationship disseminating information

  2. Consultation: obtaining stakeholder approval without direct community participation

  3. Involvement: enlisting community stakeholders as volunteers or consumers

  4. Active Participation: involvement of community members in planning, implementation, and assessment
• Modalities of Community Engagement:

  1. Transactional: one-way projects from service providers to the community

  2. Transitional: two-way projects through consultation and collaboration

  3. Transformational: two-way projects with active dialogue and critical reflection
• Solidarity is the commitment to the common good by supporting movements for social change and justice
• Advocacies of Solidarity include:

  1. Health for All

  2. Education for All

  3. Good Governance for All

  4. Economic Justice for All

  5. Climate and Environment Justice for All
• Citizenship involves full membership in a community with responsibilities to the nation-state and enjoyment of rights afforded by the law
• Citizenship Education in the Philippines aims to instill core Filipino values integral to nation-building
• Core Values of a Filipino Citizen:

  1. Pagkamaka-Diyos

  2. Pagkamaka-Tao

  3. Pagkamaka-Bayan

  4. Pagkamaka-Kalikasan
• State Principles and Policies in the 1987 Philippine Constitution include sovereignty of the people, renunciation of war, supremacy of civilian authority, and more
• Bill of Rights in the Philippines includes rights to life, liberty, property, privacy, freedom of speech, religion, and more
• Nationally Mandated Service Learning programs in the Philippines:

  1. Citizenship Advancement Training (CAT)

  2. National Service Training Program (NSTP) with components like ROTC, LTS, and CWST
• Social Change refers to the alteration of social interaction, institutions, and culture over time
• Factors of Social Change:

  • Internal factors: differences in culture and identity
  • External factors: demographic, cultural, political, and economic factors
• Theories on Social Change:

  1. Evolutionary

  2. Cyclical

  3. Functional

  4. Conflict

  5. Symbolic Interactionism