NATURE IN RESEARCH

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  • Research should be objective, involving the objective analysis of phenomena without biases.
  • Research should be feasible, focusing on problems that affect professions directly or indirectly. Possible/attainable
  • Research should be empirical, with supporting evidence and accompanying details for every variable used in the study.
  • Research should be clear, explaining the choice of variables and providing sufficient indicators for each variable
• Research Paradigm:

  • OUTLINE Guides the researcher in conceptualizing and conducting research. AN EFFECTIVE RESEARCH MUST ADDRESS THESE TWO IMPORTANT ASPECTS: RESEARCH FOUNDATIONS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.
• Roles of the Researcher:

  • Principal Investigator
  • Member of a Research Team
  • Identifier of Researchable Problems
  • Evaluator of Research Findings
  • User of Research Findings
  • Patient or Client Advocate during Study
  • Subject/Respondent/Participant
• Refer to the fundamental components of research such as the research problem, purpose, specific questions to be addressed, and the conceptual framework to be applied.

  RESEARCH FOUNDATIONS
• Describes how the researcher will answer the research questions in a

  credible manner. Research methods are employed to address the

  research purpose and gain new information and insights to answer

  the problem.

  RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
• the first step in the research paper?

  identify the problem
• #1 Research should be systematic. There is a system to follow in conducting research as there is a system. For formulating each of its parts with a macro system of chapters organized logically and scientifically, and a micro system with detailed contents of each chapter
• Common types of qualitative research include:

  • Phenomenological study
  • Ethnographic study
  • Historical study
• Sources of data for a historical study can include:

  • Oral reports
  • Documents
  • Relics and artifacts
• Strengths of qualitative research:

  • Provides in-depth understanding
  • Allows for flexibility in data collection
• Weaknesses of qualitative research:

  • Findings may not be generalizable
  • Data analysis can be time-consuming
• seeks to explain naturally occurring phenomenon in the

  natural world by generating credible theories.

  SCIENTIFIC
• -seeks to define the purpose of human existence by tapping into

  historical facts and future possibilities

  RESEARCH IN THE HUMANITIES
• -generates new knowledge through artisitic practicies such as defining new concepts, creating new processes and devising new methods

  ARTISTIC
• This research design follows a cyclical process. It is pragmatic and

  solution driven, and any information gathered is used to identify and

  implement a solution to a problem in the community.

  ACTION RESEARCH
• This research design explores how a specific change (x) impacts a

  certain situation (y). Seeks to establish a cause & effect relationship.

  CAUSAL DESIGN
• This research design answers who, what, when, where and how

  questions related to a particular research problem. This design is

  used to obtain information about the present situation to gain an

  understanding of a certain phenomenon

  DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
• The researcher controls the variables and manipulates them to

  determine possible effects. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
• This research focuses on topics or problems which have had little or

  no studies done about it.

  EXPLORATORY DESIGN
• This research design identifies a group with common characteristics

  who are then studies for a period of time.

  COHORT DESIGN
• This research design looks into a large group of people, composed of

  individuals with varied characteristic

  CROSS SECTIONAL DESIGN
• This research design follows a group of people over a long period of

  time

  LONGITUDINAL DESIGN
• This research design is carried out in stages to gather sufficient data

  to test the hypothesis. This design combines cohort of cross sectional

  study as it identifies specific groups for each stage.

  SEQUENTIAL DESIGN
• This research design primarily combines qualitative and quantitative

  research methods to gain a complete picture of the research

  problem.

  MIXED-METHOD DESIGN
• -It is conducted in a systematic and rigorous way.

  QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Small samples are usedin data gathering since it focuses on people who can provide the richest insights into the phenomenon being

  studied.

  QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• It follows an iterative process where data collection and analysis

  is done simultaneously

  QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• This type of research examines human’s lived experiences through the descriptions provided by the subjects or informants.

  Example: What are the common experiences encountered by a person

  with a spouse who is undergoing rehabilitation

  PHENOMENOLOGICAL

  STUDY
• This study involves the collection and analysis of data about cultural groups or minorities. What is the Demographic profile and migratory aadaptations of squatter families in Barangay Cutcut, Angeles City?

  ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY
• ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY the researcher immerses with the people

  and becomes part of their culture.

  During immersion, the researcher talks to the key persons and

  personalities called key informants who provide important

  information for the study.
• This study is concerned with the identification, location, evaluation, and synthesis of events from the past. Example: What were the

  roles of women in Katipunan?

  HISTORICAL STUDY
• Data sources are classified as follows:

  PRIMARY SOURCES- Materials providing first

  hand information, e.g. oral histories, written records, diaries, eye witness accounts, pictures, videos and other physical evidence. SECONDARY SOURCES- Secondhand information such as an account based on an original source or a material written as an abstract of the original materials.
• Sources of data for a historical study are as follows: DOCUMENTS- Printed materials that can be found in libraries, archives or personal collections. RELICS AND ARTIFACTS- Physical remains or objects from a certain historical period. ORAL REPORTS- Information that is passed on by word of mouth
• The validity of materials used in the study is assessed through the following: INTERNAL CRITICISM- This involves establishing the authenticity or originality of the materials by looking at the consistency of information. EXTERNAL CRITICISM- This is based on the analysis of the material:

  the ink and the type of paper used, the layout and physical appearance,

  as well as the age and texture of the material itself.
• It is an in-depth examination of an individual, groups of people, or an institution. It also involves a comprehensive ans extensive examination of a particular group or individual over a period of time.

  CASE STUDY
• The method involves comparing collected units of data against one another until categories, properties and hypotheses that state relations between these categories and properties emerge. EXAMPLES: Ten school counselors were given structured interviews to help determine how their professional identity is

  formed.

  GROUNDED THEORY

  STUDY
• The main source of data for this type of research

  are the life accounts of individuals based on

  their personal experiences Example: A biographical study of Anne Frank’s Life during the Nazi Regime in GermanY.

  NARRATIVE ANALYSIS
• Common types of narrative analysis are as follows: PSYCHOLOGICAL -This involves analyzing the story in terms of internal thoughts and motivations. BIOGRAPHICAL -This takes the individual’s society and factors like gender and class into account. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS -This studies the approach in which language is used in texts and contexts.
• This type of research seeks to bring about change and empower individuals by describing and critiquing the social, cultural and

  psychological perspectives on present day contexts.

  Example: Critical examination of equity and

  social justice tied to race, ethnicity, class, orientation, age, and ability linking to schooling, education, teaching and learning. CRITICAL QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• The approach of this research seeks to analyze the facts that have been established as truths, and the ability of research and science to discover truth.

  POST MODERN

  RESEARCH