EAPP Chapter 1

• Academic Text are educational text
• Academic text is basically anything that is used in the schools or

  classrooms.
• Academic text includes school books, newspapers, articles, textbooks

  and anything written by experts in various fields of

  specializations.
• Academic text uses jargon
• Academic text is not opinionated, but backed up with the information that is valid and reliable, and usually cites further references.
• According to Hermida (2009), students take a surface

  approach to reading. They do not question the author’s

  arguments. They take the author’s ideas at face value.
• Types of academic text are; text books, students' essays, theses/dissertations, research articles, case studies, and reports.
• Textbooks are specifically designed to help you, the learners.
• Textbooks vary in style, tone and level depending on audience.
• Student essays vary in length and formality.
• Student essays contain three sections: Introduction, Body and

  Conclusions.
• Student essays usually include citation of sources.
• Theses; typically 10, 000 – 20, 000 words, bachelor and master’s levels.
• Dissertations; typically 60, 000 – 80, 000 words, doctor’s level.
• Non-academic text written for the mass public.
• Non-academic text they are published quickly and can be written

  by anyone.
• Non-academic text language is informal, casual, and may contain

  slang.
• Non-academic text the author may not be provided and will not

  have any credentials listed.
• The term text structure refers to how information is organized in a passage.
• The diamond structure repeats on a small level

  of paragraphs and assignment tasks and on a larger level in the structure of

  an essay.
• IMRad is Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion.
• Academic texts structured using the IMRad format are

  usually short and concise
• Introduction; its purpose is to clearly tell the reader the topic, purpose and structure of the paper.
• Introductions; it might be between 10% - 20% of the length of the whole

  paper and has three main parts:

  • The most general information

  • The core introduction

  • The most specific information
• Body is considered as “THE HEART OF THE ESSAY”
• Body; it expounds the specific ideas for the readers to have a better understanding of

  the topic.
• Conclusion; is closely related to introduction and as often described

  “MIRROR IMAGE OF INTRODUCTION”
• Conclusion begins by briefly summarizing the main scope or structure of the paper.
• Conclusion confirms the topic that was given in the introduction
• Conclusion ends with a more general statement about how the topic relates to its

  contexts.
• Introduction in IMRaD is to show that the author knowledgeable about his field

  of study and existing research.
• Introduction in IMRaD Usually contains a summary of existing research in the subject, a thesis statement, hypothesis or to prevailing

  practice.
• Method; To show that he arrived at his results

  by applying valid and reliable

  methods. This part accounts for and documents

  what the author did and did not do.
• Results; is a relatively large part of the paper. Represents findings, organizes, classifies, analyzes and categorizes. Explains and interprets
• Discussion; Determines the strong and weak aspects

  of the paper, the practical implications.
• Research articles; Written mainly for a specific audience – researchers, academics and postgraduate

  students.
• Case studies; May be found in any discipline though they are the most common disciplines such as business, sociology, and law. They are

  primarily descriptive.
• Reports; Describe what happened and discuss and evaluate its importance. They are found in various disciplines, like science, law and

  medicine.