laboratory 1-3 (chem)

• In Chemistry, the counting unit for number of atoms, ions, or molecules in a laboratory-size sample is the mole
• avogardo's number 6.02 x 10^23
• MILLIMOLES: unit of concentration related to moles; usually used to express concentrations of ions in electrolyte solutions; it is one-thousandth of a mole
• 1,000 mmol = 1 mole
• MILLIOSMOLES: unit of measurement for osmotic concentrations (mOsmol)
• MILLIEQUIVALENTS: a chemical unit; this unit of measure is related to the total number of ionic charges in solution, and it takes note of the valence of the ions; therefore, this is a unit of measurement of the amount of chemical activity of an electrolyte
• 1 Mole is the amount of matter that contains as many objects (atoms, molecules, or whatever objects we are considering) as the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of isotopically pure 12C; this is numerically represented as the Avogadro’s Number
• PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS- it is a table of the chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number, usually in rows, so that elements withSIMILAR atomic structure appear in vertical columns
• Antoine-Laurent Lavoisiero arranged the 1st true periodic table; only 33 elements were present during his time
• Johann Wolfgang Dobereinero established the concept of TRIADS – the earliest known weight classification of some elements
• 1st TRIAD = Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni)
• 2nd TRIAD = Ruthenium (Ru), Rhodium (Rh), Palladium (Pd
• 3rd TRIAD = Osmium (Os), Iridium (Ir), Platinum (Pt)
• John Newlandso attempted to relate music with the periodic table leading to the existence of the concept of OCTAVES, whichbecame the root of the ‘OCTET RULE’
• Lothar Meyer & Dimitri Mendeleevo arranged the periodic table according to INCREASING MASS #
• Henry Moselyo also known as the Father of the Modern Periodic Table
• Henry Mosely arranged the periodic table according to INCREASING ATOMIC #
• ARTS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS- ATOMIC NUMBER, ELEMENT SYMBOL, NAME, AVERAGE MASS NUMBER (aka ATOMIC MASS)
• PERIOD - pertains to the HORIZONTAL arrangement or orientation
• GROUP - pertains to the VERTICAL arrangement or orientation; this is also the basis of the categories of theelements with respect to their properties; the numbers also represent the # OF VALENCE ELECTRONS
• the mass of electrons is more than 1800 times smaller than protons and neutrons, thus ions and atoms have same mass
• 1A / 1- Alkali metals
• 1B / 11 Coinage metals
• 2A / 2 Alkaline Earth metals
• 2B / 12 Volatile metals
• 3A / 13 Boron group / Triels / Icosagens
• 4A / 14 Carbon group / Tetrels / Crystallogens
• 5A / 15 Nitrogen group / Pnictogens
• 6A / 16 Oxygen group / Chalcogens
• 1B / 11 Coinage metals2A / 2 Alkaline Earth metals2B / 12 Volatile metals3A / 13 Boron group / Triels / Icosagens4A / 14 Carbon group / Tetrels / Crystallogens5A / 15 Nitrogen group / Pnictogens6A / 16 Oxygen group / Chalcogens7A / 17 Halogens8A / 0 / 18 Noble gases / Inert gases
• 7A / 17 Halogens
• 8A / 0 / 18 Noble gases / Inert gases