electron structure, IE + spectra

• What must two electrons have to exist in the same orbital?

  They must have opposite spins
• How does having opposite spins affect electron repulsion?

  It reduces the effect of repulsion
• What are the shapes of orbitals in electron structure?

  • s orbital: spherical shape
  • p orbital: dumbbell shape
  • d orbital: cloverleaf shape
  • f orbital: complex shapes
• How many electrons can a d orbital hold?

  Up to ten electrons
• What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy a single orbital?

  Two electrons
• What is the maximum number of electrons in a full shell?

  Eight electrons
• What is ionization energy?

  Energy required to remove electrons from an atom
• What happens during ionization?

  Electrons are removed from an atom
• How does successive ionization energy change?

  It always increases with each electron removed
• What is the relationship between nuclear charge and ionization energy?

  Higher nuclear charge increases ionization energy
• What is the effect of distance on ionization energy?

  Distance from nucleus decreases ionization energy
• What is the significance of the shielding effect?

  It reduces the effective nuclear charge felt by electrons
• What factors affect the attraction between electrons and the nucleus?

  • Size of the positive nuclear charge
  • Distance of electrons from the nucleus
  • Shielding effect of inner electrons
• What is the electromagnetic spectrum?

  Range of all electromagnetic radiation frequencies
• How does frequency relate to energy in electromagnetic radiation?

  Higher frequency means higher energy
• What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?

  Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional
• What are the main types of electromagnetic radiation?

  • Radio waves
  • Microwaves
  • Infrared
  • Visible light
  • Ultraviolet
  • X-rays
  • Gamma rays
• How does light behave as it travels?

  Light travels as waves
• What happens to electrons when energy is removed?

  Electrons fall to a lower energy level
• What is the photon in relation to energy?

  A photon is a quantum of electromagnetic energy
• What is the relationship between energy and photons?

  Energy is quantized in photons
• How does the frequency of light relate to its energy?

  Higher frequency light has more energy
• What are the applications of electromagnetic radiation?

  • Communication (radio, TV)
  • Medical imaging (X-rays)
  • Heating (microwaves)
  • Spectroscopy (analyzing materials)
• What is the significance of the ultraviolet range in the electromagnetic spectrum?

  It can cause skin damage
• How does visible light fit into the electromagnetic spectrum?

  It is a small part of the spectrum
• What happens to energy levels when electrons absorb photons?

  Electrons move to higher energy levels
• What is the role of the electromagnetic spectrum in understanding atomic structure?

  It helps explain electron transitions
• How does the energy of a photon relate to its wavelength?

  Shorter wavelength means higher energy
• What is the significance of the visible light range in the electromagnetic spectrum?

  It is essential for human vision
• What is the relationship between energy and wavelength?

  They are inversely proportional.
• How does frequency change from infrared to ultraviolet regions?

  Frequency and energy increase from infrared to ultraviolet.
• What happens to light of a specific frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum?

  It corresponds to the energy of the photon.
• What do black lines in the spectrum indicate?

  Absorption of specific wavelengths of light.
• What do the wavelengths of the black lines correspond to?

  Energy absorbed by atoms.
• How do transitions between energy levels affect emission of radiation?

  They result in emission of radiation at different frequencies.
• What happens when the source of energy is removed?

  Electrons fall to lower energy levels.
• What is released when energy is lost by electrons?

  A photon with a specific frequency.
• What does the spectrum consist of?

  A number of colored lines on a black background.
• What does the atomic spectrum of hydrogen consist of?

  Many separate series of lines.
• What do transitions between different energy levels result in?

  Emission of radiation of different frequencies.