Microscopes and cells

• The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing genetic material.
• Mitochondria are responsible for producing energy through respiration.
• Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance that fills most of the cell's volume.
• Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are involved in photosynthesis.
• Vacuoles store water, nutrients, or waste products within plant cells.
• Cell membranes regulate what enters and exits the cell.
• nosepiece is the end piece of a microscope body to which a lens or set of lenses is attached.
• Stage clips are used to hold specimens onto the stage while viewing them under a microscope.
• Objective Lens is the lens that sits closest to the specimen being viewed.
• Eyepiece (ocular) is where your eye goes up against to see the image produced by the objective lens.
• Objective Lens is the main lens that focuses the image, it sits closest to the specimen being viewed.
• fine Adjustment Knob inside the coarse adjustment knob is used to bring the specimen into sharp focus under low power and is used for all focusing when using high power lenses
• Coarse Adjustment Knob outside the fine adjustment knob is used to move the slide around so that the specimen can be found again if accidentally moved out of view.
• MRS GREN is the 7 requirements to be living.
• MRS GREN is an acronym often used to help remember all the necessary features of living organisms: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion and Nutrition.
• Movement - Living things are able to move or make their environment move. This movement may be due to muscles contracting or because they have flagellae or cilia which allow them to swim or move food particles towards their mouths.
• Respiration - All living things respire. They take in oxygen from their surroundings and use this to break down glucose molecules releasing energy. The waste product of respiration is carbon dioxide.
• Sensitivity - Living things respond to changes in their internal and external environments. For example, plants grow away from light and towards water; animals avoid danger and seek warmth and shelter.
• Growth - Living things grow from birth until death. They increase in size by absorbing materials from their surroundings. The rate at which this happens depends on many factors including temperature, availability of resources and age.
• Excretion - Living things excrete waste products produced as a result of metabolism. These wastes must be removed from the body otherwise they would build up inside it causing damage.
• Reproduction - Living things reproduce either sexually (by fusing gametes) or asexually (by budding).
• The difference between plant and animal cells is that plant cells have a permanent vacuole and animal cells do not.
• Animal cells lack a cell wall but instead have a plasma membrane which regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
• Chloroplasts are found only in plant cells and contain chlorophyll which allows them to carry out photosynthesis.
• unicellular organisms have a single cell that is specialised for its function
• multicellular cells are specialised for their function and have a large surface area to volume ratio
• Cell Theory:

  • All living things are made of cells
  • New cells come from original cells
  • The cell is the smallest unit of life
• Mitosis is the process by which new cells for growth and repair are produced. It is a type of cell division
• Unicellular organisms are made up of a single cell, while multicellular organisms are made up of multiple cells

  • Examples of multicellular organisms: Human, giraffe, rose
  • Examples of unicellular organisms: Amoeba, paramecium, euglena
• Parts of a typical animal cell:

  • Nucleus: Contains DNA, controls the activity of the cell
  • Cytoplasm: Jelly-like fluid inside the cell membrane and surrounding organelles, provides structure, contains dissolved substances and wastes
  • Cell membrane: Skin or barrier of the cell, controls entry and exit of materials from the cell
• Parts of a typical plant cell:

  • Cell wall: Provides structure and support for plants, barrier outside the cell membrane, present in plants, algae, fungi, and some bacteria
  • Mitochondria: Where cellular respiration occurs, producing energy, carbon dioxide, and water
  • Chloroplasts: Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis, absorbing sunlight for the photosynthesis reaction
• Vacuole:

  • Storage of foods and wastes (in plants, sap)
  • Provides support and structure in plants, usually having one large vacuole
• the equation for photosynthesis is carbon dioxide + water using sunlight = glucose and oxygen (c02 + H20 -> C6 h12 0)
• The equation for cellular respiration is glucose + oxygen using ATP to produce carbon dioxide and water (C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + ATP)
• the equation for cellular respiration is glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy
• the types of microscopes are light microscopes and electron microscopes
• a tracheal cell (ciliated epithelial)'s function is to trap and filter air
• epithelial cells are specialised for absorption, secretion and movement
• a root hair cell is a specialised cell that has a large surface area for absorbing water and minerals
• a guard cell is a type of plant cell that opens and closes the stomata to control the amount of carbon dioxide and water in the leaf