Energy and Simple Machines

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Created by
laufney

Cards (39)

  • Energy is the capacity for doing work or causing change
  • Importance of Energy:
    • Ability to do work or produce change
    • Many household and industrial uses
    • Powers everything in the universe, from vehicles to cell functions
    • Explains phenomena like motion, heat transfer, chemical reactions, and electricity
    • Operates machines, appliances, vehicles, medical equipment
    • Essential for sustaining life, powering economies, and driving technological advancements
  • Forms of Energy:
    • Kinetic energy
    • Potential energy
    • Thermal energy
    • Radiant energy
    • Light energy
    • Chemical energy
    • Nuclear energy
    • Electrical energy
    • Gravitational energy
    • Mechanical energy
  • Kinetic Energy:
    • Motion-related energy
    • Depends on mass and velocity
    • Measured in joules (J)
    • Examples: moving vehicles, flowing water, flying objects
  • Potential Energy:
    • Stored energy due to an object's position or state
    • Can be converted into kinetic energy and vice versa
    • Examples: stretched rubber bands, raised weights, compressed springs
  • Types of Potential Energy:
    • Gravitational potential energy
    • Elastic potential energy
    • Chemical potential energy
  • Thermal Energy:
    • Produced by a rise in temperature
    • Comes from heated substances
    • Causes atoms and molecules to move faster and collide
    • Can be harnessed through geothermal energy
  • Heat Transfer:
    • Flows from higher to lower temperature areas
    • Transferred through conduction, convection, and radiation
  • Uses of Thermal Energy:
    • Cooking, heating, generating electricity
  • Processes during Transmission of Light:
    • Reflection, refraction, absorption
  • Radiant Energy and Light Energy:
    • Radiant energy is electromagnetic
    • Light energy is a type of kinetic energy
    • Examples: sunlight, x-rays, light bulbs
  • Uses of Light Energy:
    • Vision, photosynthesis, communication
  • Chemical Energy:
    • Stored in bonds
    • Released through chemical reactions
    • Examples: food, coal, biomass
  • Uses of Chemical Energy:
    • Metabolism, combustion, batteries
  • Nuclear Energy:
    • Non-renewable
    • Comes from atomic nuclei
    • Released through fusion or fission
  • Uses of Nuclear Energy:
    • Generating electricity, medical equipment, treating illnesses
  • Electrical Energy:
    • Caused by movement of electrical charges
    • Can be kinetic or potential energy
  • Forms of Electricity:
    • Static Electricity
    • Current Electricity
  • Circuits and Generators:
    • Basic circuit elements: light bulb, battery, wires, switch
    • Types of circuits: series, parallel, short circuits
  • Sub-atomic Particles of Electrical Energy:
    • Electrons, neutrons, photons
  • Uses of Electrical Energy:
    • Lighting, heating, communication
  • Gravitational Energy and Mechanical Energy:
    • Associated with gravity and motion
    • Examples: roller coasters, lifting objects, moving vehicles
  • Uses of Gravitational and Mechanical Energy:
    • Work, transportation, recreation
  • Uses of Different Forms of Energy:
    • Heat/Thermal Energy: home, school, industries
    • Electrical Energy: appliances, light, motors, transportation
    • Sound Energy: communication, music, learning, warnings
    • Light Energy: sustaining life, photosynthesis
  • Uses of Light Energy:
    • Sustains life on Earth by aiding in photosynthesis for plants to make food and in the water cycle
    • Enables vision for people and animals on Earth
  • Uses of Mechanical Energy:
    • Used to do work with the help of muscles
    • Machines utilize mechanical energy to make work easier and faster
  • Uses of Chemical Energy:
    • Sustains life by converting food's chemical energy into body energy for growth and movement
    • Examples include gasoline and fuels used to run engines of vehicles and machines
    • Used to create new substances
  • Uses of Nuclear Energy:
    • Used for destructive purposes and the development of nuclear weapons
    • Provides electrical power
    • Used in the treatment of cancer and other diseases
    • Applied in agricultural and botanical research
    • Utilized in industrial operations
  • Energy Transformation:
    • The process of changing one form of energy to another
    • Occurs in natural and man-made systems
    • Used for heating, cooling, and generating electricity
    • Examples include photosynthesis, combustion, and mechanical work
    • Can be harnessed through renewable and non-renewable sources
    • Applied in various industries, transportation, and daily life
  • Examples of Energy Transformation:
    1. Coal-fired power plants: Convert chemical energy in coal to thermal energy, then to mechanical energy driving turbines, generating electricity
    2. Batteries: Store chemical energy in electrochemical cells, converting it to electrical energy
    3. Electric generators: Convert mechanical energy or kinetic energy into electrical energy
    4. Electric heaters: Turn electrical energy into heat
    5. Fire: Convert chemical energy in fuels into heat and light
    6. Friction: Convert kinetic energy into heat
    7. Fuel cells: Convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy
    8. Geothermal power: Utilize heat from underground sources to generate electricity
    9. Heat engines: Convert thermal energy into mechanical energy, typically using an external source of heat
    10. Automobiles: Convert chemical energy in fuel into kinetic energy, then into mechanical energy turning the wheels
  • 11. Solar panels: Capture electromagnetic radiation (light) and convert it into electrical energy
    12. Food consumption: Convert chemical energy in food into mechanical energy for physical movements
    13. Rubbing hands: Convert chemical energy in muscles into kinetic energy, then into thermal energy
    14. Boiling water: Convert thermal energy into kinetic energy of vaporization, then back into thermal energy
    15. Cycling: Convert chemical energy in food into mechanical energy propelling the bicycle
    16. Match striking: Convert chemical energy in matches into heat and light
    17. Bow and arrow: Convert elastic potential energy into kinetic energy
    18. Rollercoasters: Convert gravitational potential energy into kinetic energy
    19. Drilling: Convert electrical energy into mechanical energy to fasten screws
    20. Photosynthesis: Convert light energy into chemical energy in plants
  • Simple Machines:
    • Mechanical devices that reduce the effort or force needed to do work, making work easier and faster
  • Kinds of Simple Machines:
    • Lever
    • Inclined Plane
    • Wedge
    • Screw
    • Pulley
    • Wheel and Axle
  • Lever:
    • A rigid bar that rotates on a fulcrum to lift or move loads
    • Parts include the fulcrum, effort (force), and load (resistance)
    • Three classes: first-class, second-class, third-class
  • Inclined Plane:
    • A sloping surface that reduces the force needed to lift or move objects upwards
    • Examples include ramps, wheelchair ramps, and slides at playgrounds
  • Wedge:
    • A triangular-shaped tool with a pointed edge used to separate or hold objects together
    • Examples include knives, axes, and chisels
  • Screw:
    • An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder or cone, used to hold objects together or lift/move them when rotated
    • Examples include screws used in construction and jar lids
  • Pulley:
    • A grooved wheel with a rope or chain wrapped around it, used to lift heavy objects with less effort
    • Examples include flagpoles, elevator systems, and window blinds
    • Three kinds: fixed pulley, moveable pulley, block and tackle pulley
  • Wheel and Axle:
    • Consists of a wheel attached to a smaller axle, allowing force to be transmitted to move objects with less friction
    • Examples include car wheels, bicycles, and doorknobs