STUDY

• Formal Types of Communication Skills:

  • Referred to as "official communication"
  • Covers verbal expressions addressing formal needs
• Informal Communication:

  • Also known as "the (unofficial) grapevine"
  • Often by word-of-mouth information
• Oral Communication (Face-to-face):

  • Most recognized type of communication
  • Can be formal or informal
• Oral Communication (Distance):

  • Utilizes modern technology like mobile phones, video-conferencing
  • Tone of voice and pace of delivery are crucial
• Non-verbal Types of Communication:

  • Includes physical postures, gestures, tone and pace of voice
  • Body language is a part of this type of communication
• Written Communication:

  • Previously relied on mail for distant communication
  • Now dominates various aspects of communication
• Kinesics or kinesic communication:

  • Communication through body movements like gestures and facial expressions
• Proxemics:

  • Study of space and how it affects comfort
  • Distance between individuals depends on their relationship
• Haptic communication:

  • Refers to communication and interaction via the sense of touch
• Paralanguage and Vocalics:

  • Paralanguage includes vocalized but nonverbal parts of a message
  • Vocalics studies vocal qualities accompanying verbal messages
• Chronemics:

  • Study of the use of time in nonverbal communication
  • Time perceptions include punctuality and interactions
• Social journalism:

  • Hybrid of professional journalism, contributor and reader content
  • Relies on community involvement and audience engagement
• Citizen journalism:

  • Based on public citizens actively participating in news collection and dissemination
• Yellow journalism:

  • Presents sensationalized news for increased sales
  • Uses eye-catching headlines and exaggerations
• Adversarial journalism:

  • Seeks to uncover wrongdoings of public officials
  • Can include methods like gotcha journalism
• Manipulatives Media:

  • Tools aiding hands-on learning
  • Examples include Abacus, Jigsaw Puzzles, Lego
• Interactive media:

  • Allows users to control and manipulate different types of media
  • Examples include web sites, interactive television, gaming
• Plot elements:

  • Introduction
  • Rising action
  • Climax
  • Falling action
  • Resolution
  • Plot is often represented as an arc
• Conflict:

  • Every story must have a conflict, i.e. a challenge or problem around which the plot is based
  • Without conflict, the story will have no purpose or trajectory
• Theme:

  • Idea, belief, moral, lesson or insight
  • Central argument that the author is trying to make the reader understand
  • The theme is the “why” of the story
• Point-of-view:

  • "Who" is telling the story?
  • First person ("I") or third person ("he/she/it")
  • Limited (one character’s perspective), multiple (many characters’ perspectives) or omniscient (all-knowing narrator)
  • Second person ("you") is not often used for writing stories
• Tone:

  • The overall emotional "tone" or meaning of the story
  • Can be happy, funny, sad, depressed
  • Tone can be portrayed through word and grammar choices, choice of theme, imagery and description, symbolism, and the sounds of the words in combination
• Style:

  • How things are said
  • Word choices, sentence structure, dialogue, metaphor, simile, hyperbole
  • Style contributes significantly to tone
• Confucianism:

  • Ancient Chinese belief system focusing on personal ethics and morality
  • Debate on whether it is only a philosophy or also a religion
  • Mencius is a well-known Confucian philosopher
• Buddhism:

  • Faith founded by Siddhartha Gautama ("the Buddha") over 2,500 years ago in India
  • One of the major world religions with about 470 million followers
• Evolution:

  • Involves gradual changes from simple to more complex forms
  • Humans believed to have developed from simpler forms
  • Darwin's theory of evolution includes natural selection, variation, struggle to exist, and survival of the fittest
  • Evolution is the outcome of processes like mutation, genetic recombination, chromosomal abnormalities, reproductive isolation, and natural selection
• Dryopithecus:

  • Ancestors of both man and apes
  • Lived in China, Africa, Europe, and India
  • Genus refers to the oak wood apes
  • Inhabited densely forested tropical lowlands and were predominantly herbivores
• Ramapithecus:

  • First remains discovered in the Shivalik range in Punjab, later in Africa and Saudi Arabia
  • Lived in open grasslands
  • Evidence of hominid status includes thickened tooth enamel, robust jaws, shorter canines, and usage of hands for food and defence
• Australopithecus:

  • Fossil first discovered in 1924 in South Africa
  • Lived on the ground, used stones as weapons, and walked erect
  • Were 4 feet tall and weighed 60-80 pounds
• Homo Erectus:

  • First fossil found in Java in 1891
  • Considered the missing link between man and apes
  • Used tools like quartz, bones, and wood
  • Evidence of collective hunting and use of fire
  • Believed to dwell in caves
• Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis:

  • Evolved from Homo Erectus
  • Two sub-species identified: Homo sapien Neanderthal and Homo sapiens sapiens
  • Cranial capacity of Neanderthal grew from 1200 to 1600 cc
  • Evidence of hunting mammoths
• Homo Sapiens:

  • First discovered in Europe and named Cro-Magnon
  • Reduced jaws, modern man’s chin, rounded skull
  • Cranial capacity about 1350 cc
  • Gathered food through hunting
  • Art first appeared during this time
• Media literacy:

  • Ability to identify different types of media and the messages they are sending
  • Encompasses print media, theatrical presentations, tweets, radio broadcasts, etc
• Information literacy:

  • Ability to find, evaluate, organize, use, and communicate information in all its various formats
  • Essential for decision making, problem solving, or knowledge acquisition
• Technology literacy:

  • Ability to responsibly, appropriately, and effectively use technology tools to access, manage, integrate, evaluate, create, and communicate information