UCSP 1STSEM

• A society is composed of a group of people living together in a certain geographical location sharing similar culture. In a deeper context, society includes the sum of existing relationships between its people.
• According to Edward Burnett (E.B.) Tylor, an English anthropologist, culture is defined as the “complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of society.”
• CULTURAL VARIATION – refers to the differences in social behaviors that cultures exhibit around the world.
• SOCIAL DIFFERENCES – refers to the situation where people are discriminated into.
• SOCIAL CHANGE – refers to any significant alteration over time in behavioral patterns and cultural values and norms. This change is brought about by modernization and the impact of globalization.
• Material culture refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture.
• Non-material culture refers to the nonphysical ideas that people have about their culture, including beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions.
• Artifacts - objects made by human beings, either hand-made or mass-produced.
• Arts and Recreation - Art, Music, Dance, Drama, and Literature, Games and Sports, use of leisure time.
• Clothes - clothing in general
• Customs and Traditions - the things we do
• Food – nutrition/nourishment
• Government - the act of governing
• Religion - a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny.
• Shelter - a structure that provides privacy and protection from danger.
• CULTURAL LAG – according to the sociologist William F. Ogburn, this refers to the time that elapses between the introduction of a new item of material culture and its acceptance as part of non-material culture
• Norms define how to behave in accordance with what a society has defined as good, right, and important, and most members of the society adhere to them.
• Formal norms are established, written rules. They are behaviors worked out and agreed upon in order to suit and serve the most people.
• Formal norms are the most specific and clearly stated of the various types of norms, and they are the most strictly enforced.
• Informal norms —casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to—is longer. People learn informal norms by observation, imitation, and general socialization.
• Folkway/s is a loosely enforced norm that involves common customs, practices, or procedures that ensure smooth social interaction and acceptance. (e.g. Falling in line)
• More/s is a norm that carries greater moral significance, is closely related to the core values of a group, and often involves severe repercussions for violators. (e.g. Dress codes)
• Taboo is a norm engrained so deeply that even thinking about violating it evokes strong feelings of disgust, horror, or revulsion for most people. (e.g. Cannibalism, Incest)
• Ethnocentrism is a term applied to the cultural or ethnic bias—whether conscious or unconscious—in which an individual views the world from the perspective of his or her own group, establishing the in-group as a model and rating all other groups with reference to this ideal
• Ethnocentrism is a term applied to the cultural or ethnic bias—whether conscious or unconscious—in which an individual views the world from the perspective of his or her own group, establishing the in-group as a model and rating all other groups with reference to this ideal.
• Prejudice – Preconceived notion not based on actual experience.
• Extreme Nationalism – Extreme form of pride and loyalty to one’s country. It is also a feeling of superiority over other countries.
• Racism – Discrimination directed against someone from a different race based on the belief that one’s own race is more superior
• XENOCENTRISM – it refers to the preference for the culture, ideas, or products of someone else’s culture rather than one’s own.
• Cultural relativism is the view that no culture is superior to any other culture when comparing systems of morality, law, politics, etc.
• Social Science is the science of people or collections of people, such as groups, firms, societies, or economies, and their individual or collective behaviors.
• . Social sciences can be classified into disciplines such as psychology (the science of human behaviors), sociology (the science of social groups), and economics (the science of firms, markets, and economies), among others.
• John Jacobsohn describes political science as the analyses of the state and the relations that people have with the government.
• A state is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own which the great body of inhabitant render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control.
• People – This refers to the inhabitants living within the state
• Territory – It includes not only the fixed portion of land over which the jurisdiction of the state extends (territorial domain) but also the rivers and lakes therein, a certain area of the sea which abuts upon its coasts (fluvial and maritime domain) and the air space above the land and the waters (aerial domain).
• Government – refers to the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and carried out; also used to refer to the person or aggregate of those persons in whose hands are placed the function of political control
• Sovereignty – supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience to its will from people within its jurisdiction to have freedom from foreign control.
• Anthropology is the study of people throughout the world, their evolutionary history, how they behave, adapt to different environments, communicate and socialize with one another
• Archaeology - Archaeology is the study of cultures that lived in the past. It examines our past ways of life through the interpretation of material culture, organic remains, written records, and oral traditions