Ma'am Grace!

• Definition of Literature:

  • Collection of different written texts
  • Desire of people to convey their own knowledge, experience, vision through written texts
  • Literature is a storehouse of human knowledge in a printed and accessible form
• Functions of Literature:

  1. Knowledge sharing

  2. Upbringing

  3. Communication

  4. Entertainment

  5. Shaping the aesthetic taste

  6. Self-development

  7. Development of thought process

  8. Pleasure

  9. Shaping speech

  10. Transformation
• Main Divisions of Literature:

  • Prose: spoken or written within the common flow of language, includes Fiction and Non-Fiction
  • Fiction: imaginative narration to entertain and make readers think
  • Subdivisions of Prose:
  • Legend: explains the origin of things
  • Short story: simple narrative conveying a moral
  • Novel: long narrative with complex characterization and plot
  • Novella: longer than a short story but shorter than a novel
  • Fable: narrative with animal characters teaching a lesson
  • Parable: allegorical narrative presenting a philosophical outlook
• Non-Fiction is a sub-division of prose that covers literary works of "real life" narration or exposition based on history and facts
• The main thrust of non-fiction is intellectual appeal to convey facts, theories, generalizations, or concepts about a particular topic
• Some literary genres that fall under non-fiction include Biography, History, News, Diary, Anecdote, and Essay
• Biography is a prose non-fiction detailing the life of a person written by another person
• Autobiography is a biography written by the same person it is about
• History is a prose non-fiction record of events that transpired in the past
• News is a prose non-fiction narrative of events that happen every day, often found in newspapers
• Diary is a personal account of significant events that happen in the life of a person
• Anecdote is a prose non-fiction narrative that depicts a single incident in a person's life
• Essay is prose non-fiction that is a formal treatment of an issue written from the writer's personal point of view
• Poetry is a division of literature works expressed in verse, measure, rhythm, sound, and imaginative language
• Poetry creates an emotional response to an experience, feeling, or fact
• Narrative Poetry is a sub-division of poetry that tells or narrates a story, such as epics or ballads
• Epic is a narrative poem that accounts the heroic exploits of a community's hero, often involving superhuman abilities
• Ballad is a narrative poem that depicts a single incident in a person's life, usually recited or sung
• Metrical Tale is a narrative poem that narrates a story in a "metered" or "measured" number of syllables, such as Awit and Corrido in Philippine Literature
• Lyric Poetry is a sub-division of poetry intended to be sung with the accompaniment of the musical instrument called "lyre"
• Song is a lyric poem of various themes meant to be sung in its entirety
• Ode is a lyric poem of noble and exalted emotion with a dignified countenance
• Elegy is a lyric poem of sad themes, such as lamentation for the dead or longing for a missing love
• Sonnet is a lyric poem of 14 iambic pentameter lines, usually about love and beautiful themes
• Idyll is a lyric poem celebrating tranquil and beautiful landscapes of rural and country settings
• Dramatic Poetry is a sub-division of poetry meant to be performed on stage, including theater plays and dramatic presentations
• Tragedy is a dramatic poetry featuring a hero whose hubris or shortcoming causes his downfall or defeat, often ending in a sad conclusion
• Comedy is a dramatic poetry where the hero triumphs and overcomes the odds towards the end, emerging victoriously
• Melodrama is a dramatic poetry combining elements of tragedy and comedy, ending in a happy note
• Farce is a dramatic poetry that aims to elicit laughter through exaggerated comedy
• Social Play is a dramatic poetry that tackles social issues and problems with an aim to bring awareness and positive change
• Oral tradition, also known as oral lore, is cultural material transmitted orally from one generation to another through speech or song
• It includes folktales, sayings, ballads, songs, or chants and allows societies to transmit oral history, literature, law, and knowledge without a writing system
• Oral tradition refers to the transmission of cultural material through vocal utterance and is a key descriptor of folklore
• "Bugtong" is the Filipino version of a riddle, reflecting the culture and hobbies of early Filipinos
• Filipino riddles are known for being short, full of images, and based on common materials or equipment
• Filipino proverbs, or "salawikain," reflect the values of the Philippines and contain advice passed down through generations
• Filipino proverbs offer wisdom on various aspects of life, such as compassion, hard work, and the consequences of actions
• Filipino proverbs emphasize the value of relationships and family over money
• Owls tend to inhabit abandoned structures, symbolizing emptiness or loneliness