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Cell Cycle, Cell Division & Cell Structure
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Arwen Noele
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Cards (55)
Cells divide for various reasons:
To
reproduce
To
grow bigger
To
repair injuries
To become more
efficient
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In multicellular organisms, the distance for substances to enter cells is
larger
due to a
higher
surface area to
volume
ratio
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Multicellular
organisms require
specialised exchange surfaces
for efficient
gas exchange
of
carbon dioxide
and
oxygen
due to their
higher surface area to volume ratio
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Limits of Cell Growth:
1.
Volume
grows faster than
surface area
2.
Larger cells
have
difficulty
getting
oxygen
,
nutrients
, and
removing wastes
3.
Solution
:
Cell division
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Rates of Cell Growth:
1. Vary depending on
cell type
2.
E. Coli
divides every
30
minutes
3. Some cells take
longer
to divide or "
stop
" dividing for a while
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Prokaryotic
Cell Division:
Binary Fission
(
asexual
)
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Chromosomes
:
1.
Chromosomes
are "
colored bodies
" seen only when the cell
divides
and contain
genetic info
in the form of
DNA
2. Composition of Chromatin:
Composed of
DNA
and
histones
DNA in a chromosome is
10,000x
longer than the chromosome itself
Nucleosomes
coil into
supercoils
, then into
chromosomes
3.
Chromosome Structure
:
Each chromosome
replicates
and is
paired
as
sister chromatids
joined at a
centromere
Human cell has
46 chromosomes
(2n)
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Cell Division:
Mitosis
&
Cytokinesis
:
Define
mitosis
and
cytokinesis
Describe the
cell cycle
and changes during
interphase
Discuss events and significance of mitosis
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The
Cell Cycle
:
Interphase
(G1, S, G2)
Mitosis
(PMAT)
Cytokinesis
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Mitosis -
Prophase
:
Nuclear membrane disintegrates
Chromosomes condense
and
centrioles
move to
opposite poles
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Mitosis
-
Metaphase
:
Chromosomes
attach to
spindle fibers
and
line
up in the middle
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Mitosis -
Anaphase
:
Centromeres
split and
spindles
pull
sister chromatids
apart towards
opposite poles
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Mitosis
-
Telophase
:
Chromosomes
cluster at poles,
uncoil
,
nuclear envelope
reforms, and cell membrane begins to
pinch
in the middle
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Cytokinesis
:
Cell membrane
moves
inward
and
pinches
in the middle forming
two identical cells
In
plant cells
, a
cell plate
and
cell membrane
appear
separating
the
new cells
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Controls on Cell Growth:
1. Some cells
rarely
/
never
divide (nervous and heart cells)
2. Some cells divide
daily
(skin and digestive tract cells)
3. Cells
stop growing
when they bump into each other
4.
Cut
or
break
in tissue causes cells to grow
rapidly
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Regulating
the
Cell Cycle
:
Cyclins regulate cell cycle timing
Internal and external
regulators
control cell cycle progression
Apoptosis
is programmed cell death
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Uncontrolled Cell Growth
:
Results in
cancer
Cells lose ability to control
growth rate
and continue
dividing
uncontrollably
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Cancer
:
Tumor mass
of cells not responding to "stop" signals
Benign tumors
do not spread,
malignant tumors
spread and destroy healthy tissue
Metastasis
is the spreading of cancer
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Cell Differentiation
:
Process by which cells become
specialized
into different types
Stem cells
are
totipotent
or
pluripotent
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Meiosis is a type of
cell division
where one germ cell produces 4
gametes
with
half
the number of
chromosomes
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Meiosis occurs only in
germ cells
in
gonads
, such as
testes
and
ovaries
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Meiosis also occurs in flowers, specifically in the
ovary
and
anther
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During
Prophase
I of meiosis, chromosomes
condense
and
synapsis
occurs, where homologous chromosomes pair up to form a
tetrad
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Crossing over in meiosis may occur in the
tetrad
, between
nonsister chromatids
, leading to
genetic variation
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In
Metaphase
I
of meiosis, paired
homologues
align, and
independent assortment
occurs, adding
variation
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During
Anaphase
I
of meiosis,
homologous
chromosomes
separate
towards the poles, while
sister chromatids
remain
attached
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In
Telophase I of meiosis
, each pole has a
haploid
set of
chromosomes
, and
cytokinesis
occurs to form two
haploid daughter
cells
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Meiosis II does not have an
interphase
II
and is similar to
mitosis
in its phases:
Prophase
II
,
Metaphase
II
,
Anaphase
II
, and
Telophase
II
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Gamete formation
in animals differs between male (
spermatogenesis
) and female (
oogenesis
) gametes
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In
spermatogenesis
, all
4
meiotic products develop into sperm
cells
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In
oogenesis
,
cytokinesis
in meiosis is
uneven
, leading to the
formation
of
one large
egg
cell
and
three
small
polar bodies
that
break down
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Mitosis
involves
somatic cells
, producing
2 identical daughter cells
with the
same number
and kind of
chromosomes
as the
parent cell
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Meiosis, on the other hand, involves
germ cells
of
gonads
, producing
4
different
gamete cells
with
half
the
chromosome number
as the
parent cell
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Cell
Theory
:
All living things are made up of
cells
Cells
are the smallest working units of all living things
All cells come from
preexisting cells
through
cell division
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Definition of Cell: A
cell
is the
smallest
unit capable of performing
life functions
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Examples of Cells:
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
Bacteria
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Two Types of Cells:
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
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Prokaryotic
Cells:
Do not have structures surrounded by
membranes
Few
internal
structures
One-celled
organisms,
Bacteria
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Eukaryotic
Cells
:
Contain
organelles
surrounded by
membranes
Most living organisms:
Plant
,
Animal
View source
Cell Parts:
Organelles
Surrounding
the
Cell
View source
See all 55 cards
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