Midterms RLE

• BODY MECHANICS

  It is the efficient, coordinated, and safe use of the body to move objects and carry out the activities of daily living.
• Center of Gravity – the point at which the mass (weight) of the

  body is centered.
• Line of Gravity – an imaginary vertical line running through the

  center of gravity.
• Base of Support – the area on which an object rests.
• Balance = Center of Gravity should fall inside the Base of Support
• How to Maintain Balance:

  • Lower the Center of Gravity
  • Widen the Base of Support
  • A foot forward
• Range of motion is how far you can move your joints in different

  directions.
• Ranges of Motion Exercises

  These exercises help you move each joint through its

  full range of motion. Movement can help keep your joints flexible,

  reduce pain, and improve balance and strength
• Types of Range of Motion Exercises:

  1. Passive range of motion exercises
  2. Active-assistive range of motion exercises
  3. Active range of motion exercises
• Patient positioning involves properly maintaining a patient’s neutral body alignment by preventing hyperextension and extreme lateral rotation to prevent complications of immobility and injury.
• Supine position is used for general examination or physical assessment.
• Supine is frequently used on procedures involving the anterior surface of the body (e.g., abdominal area, cardiac, thoracic area).
• Fowler’s position, also known as semi-sitting position, is a bed position

  wherein the head of the bed is elevated 45 to 60 degrees.
• Variations of Fowler’s position include low Fowler’s (15 to 30 degrees), semi-Fowler’s (30 to 45 degrees), and high Fowler’s (nearly vertical).
• Fowler’s position is used for patients who have difficulty breathing because, in this position, gravity pulls the diaphragm downward allowing greater chest and lung expansion.
• Fowler’s position is useful for patients with cardiac, respiratory, or neurological problems and is often optimal for patients with nasogastric tubes.
• Fowler’s is also used to prepare the patient for dangling or walking.
• Fowler’s position is usually used in surgeries that involve neurosurgery or the shoulders
• Using a footboard is recommended to keep the patient’s feet in proper alignment and to help prevent foot drop.
• Fowler’s position is named after George Ryerson Fowler who saw it as a way to decrease mortality of peritonitis.
• Orthopneic or tripod position places the patient in a sitting position

  or on the side of the bed with an overbed table in front to lean on

  and several pillows on the table to rest on.
• Patients who are having difficulty breathing are often placed in orthopneic position because it allows maximum expansion of the chest.
• Orthopneic position is particularly helpful to

  patients who have problems exhaling because they can press the

  lower part of the chest against the edge of the overbed table.
• Supine position, or dorsal recumbent, is wherein the patient lies flat on the back with head and shoulders slightly elevated using a pillow unless contraindicated
• In the prone position, the patient lies on the abdomen with the head turned to one side and the hips are not flexed.
• The prone position is the only bed position that allows full extension of the hip and knee joints. It also helps to prevent flexion contractures of the hips and knees.
• The pull of gravity on the trunk when the patient lies prone produces marked lordosis or forward curvature of the spine thus contraindicated for patients with spinal problems.
• Prone position should only be used when the client’s back is correctly aligned.
• Prone position also promotes drainage from the mouth and is useful for clients who are unconscious or those recovering from surgery on the mouth or throat.
• Prone position is often used for neurosurgery, in most neck and spine surgeries.
• In lateral or side-lying position, the patient lies on one side of the body with the top leg in front of the bottom leg and the hip and knee flexed.
• Lateral position helps relieve pressure on the sacrum and heels especially for people who sit or are confined to bed rest in supine or Fowler’s position.
• In lateral position, most of the body weight is distributed to the lateral aspect of the lower scapula, the lateral aspect of the ilium, and the greater trochanter of the femur.
• Sims’ position or semiprone position is when the patient assumes a posture halfway between the lateral and the prone positions.
• Sims’ position may be used for unconscious clients because it facilitates drainage from the mouth and prevents aspiration of fluids.
• Sims' position is also used for paralyzed clients because it reduces pressure over the sacrum and greater trochanter of the hip.
• Sims' position is often used for clients receiving enemas and occasionally for clients undergoing examinations or treatments of the perineal area.
• Pregnant women may find the Sims position comfortable for sleeping.
• Lithotomy is a patient position in which the patient is on their back

  with hips and knees flexed and thighs apart.
• Lithotomy position is commonly used for vaginal examinations and

  childbirth.