Dynamic Development

• what is development

  improvement in living standards through better use of recourses
• what are examples of economic indicators for measuring development

  GDP - total value of goods and services produced in a country per person, per year

  GNI- an average of gross national income per person, per US dollar
• what are examples of social indicators of development

  infant mortality- number of children who die before reaching 1, per 1000 babies born

  literacy rate- percentage of population over the age of 15 who can read and write

  life expectancy- the average lifespan of someone born in that country
• what is HDI (human development index)

  a number that uses life expectancy, education level and income per person
• human factors affecting development: aid

  • can help some countries develop key services and infrastructure faster
  • can improve projects such as schools, hospitals and roads
  • too much reliance on aid might stop other trade links becoming established
• human factors affecting development: trade

  • countries that export more than they import have a trade surplus. this can improve the national economy
  • having good trade relationships
  • trading goods and services is more profitable than raw materials
• human factors affecting development: education

  • creates a skilled workforce meaning more goods and services are produced
  • educated people earn more money, meaning they also pay more taxes. this money can help develop the country in the future
• human factors affecting development: health

  • lack of clean water and poor healthcare means large number of people suffer from diseases
  • people who are ill cannot work so there is little contribution to the economy
  • more money on healthcare means less spent on development
• human factors affecting development: politics

  • corruption in local and national governments
  • the stability of the government can effect the countries ability to trade
  • ability of the country to invest into services and infrastructure
• consequences of uneven development:

  • wealth-people in more developed countries have higher incomes than less developed countries
  • health-better healthcare means that people in more developed countries live longer than those in less developed countries
  • education-more developed countries have better standards of education available than those in less developed countries
• physical factors affecting development: natural recourses

  • furl such as oil
  • minerals and metals for fuel
  • availability for timber
  • access to safe water
• physical factors affecting development: natural hazards

  • risk of tectonic hazards
  • benefits from volcanic material and floodwater
  • frequent hazards undermines redevelopment
• physical factors affecting development: climate

  • reliability of rainfall to benefit farming
  • extreme climates limit industry and affects health
  • climate can attract tourists
• physical factors affecting development: location

  • landlocked countries may find trade difficult
  • mountainous terrain makes farming difficult
  • attractive scenery attracts tourists
• what is rostows model of economic development

  it predicts how a countries level of economic development changes over time. also shows how people's standard of living improves
• barriers to ending poverty: debt

  many LIDC's have huge national debt from borrowing from wealthy countries and organisations. with high interests rates, these debts are difficult to wipe out and can lead to a spiral of decline. this situation makes it difficult for these countries to invest in services and infrastructure
• barriers to ending poverty: trade

  countries with a negative balance of trade, import more than they export, make development difficult. Also ACs have TNCs that operate in LIDCs. These companies take profits away from LIDCs to ACs where their headquarters are.
• barriers to ending poverty: political unrest

  widespread dissatisfaction with the government can be caused by political unrest, corruption and a lack of investment and attention into services (e.g. healthcare and education)
• breaking out of poverty: top down

  these are large scaled, government led and expensive schemes involving money borrowed from wealthier countries. there is little community involvement but instead large scale projects
• breaking out of poverty: bottom up

  small scale, local led and less expensive schemes. they involve communities and charities developing local businesses and housing
• breaking out of poverty: short term

  this aid is sent to help countries copes with emergencies such as natural disasters
• breaking out of poverty: long term

  this aid is given over a long period to help countries develop through investing in projects such as education and healthcare
• breaking out of poverty: trade

  fair trade can allow for fair wages. also grouping with other countries in the form of trading blocs can increase links and increase the economy
• breaking out of poverty: debt relief

  wealthier countries can cut or partly cut debt to countries that have borrowed money. this allows for money to be reinvested in development
• positives of aid

  allows for immediate or long term investment into projects that can develop a countries prospects
• negatives of aid

  local people might not always get a say. some aid can be tied under condition from donor country