Alkanes

• Outline the essential features of Fractional-Distillation of Crude Oil?

  fractions have different boiling points & separation depends on boiling point & temperature gradient in column - cooler at top of column, warmer at bottom of column
• In what state does Crude Oil enter the Fractional Distillation column?

  vaporised (gas)
• What does boiling point depend on?

  chain length
• What is the definition of Viscosity?

  how thick something is
• What does branching do to the boiling point?

  increases boiling point
• What is the definition of Cracking?

  splitting longer, less useful chains into more shorter useful chains
• What are the two types of Cracking?

  catalytic & thermal
• What are the requirements for Catalytic Cracking?

  high temperature & high pressure & needs catalyst zeolite
• What are the requirements for Thermal Cracking?

  high temperature & high pressure & no catalyst needed
• What re the products of Catalytic Cracking?

  branched or cyclo alkanes & aromatics
• What are the products of Thermal Cracking?

  alkenes & polymers
• What is the equation for Complete Combustion?

  fuel + O2 --> CO2 + H2O
• What is the equation for Incomplete Combustion?

  fuel + O2 --> CO2 + C + H2O
• What does CO2 do?

  causes global warming
• What does CO do?

  toxic (odourless & colourless) & respiratory problems
• What is the other name for C?

  soot/particulates
• What is the equation for SO2?

  S + O2 --> SO2
• What does SO2 cause?

  acid rain
• What is the equation for acid rain?

  SO2 + H2O + O2 --> H2SO4
• What does NO cause?

  acid rain
• Where does NO come from/originate?

  nitrogen in car engines at high temperature react with oxygen in the air
• What is the expensive process to prevent Green House Gases equation?

  CaO + 2H2O + SO2 + 0.502 --> CaSO4.2H2O
• What is the cheap process to prevent Green House Gases equation?

  CaCO3 + 0.5O2 + SO2 --> CaSO4 + CO2
• How does a honey-comb structure do to Catalytic Converters?

  large surface area
• What is a Catalytic Converters made of?

  ceramic material coated on rhodium e.platinium
• What are the two equations that is caused in the Catalytic Converter?

  2CO2 + 2NO --> N2 + 2CO2

  C8H18 + 25NO --> 12.5N2 + 8CO2 + 9H2O
• What do Catalytic Converters reduce?

  NO & CO & unburnt hydrocarbons
• What do Catalytic Converters increase?

  CO2 & H2O vapour
• Explain the effect of Branched Isomerism on viscosity?

  less points of contact due to branching & less interaction for more flow
• What does the Green House affect work?

  radiation hits the earth & radiation radiated out of the atmosphere & same radiation are absorbed by greenhouse gases
• What type of radiation is absorbed by Green houses Gases?

  infrared
• Which Green House gases become one with the atmosphere?

  polar molecules
• Finish the Propagation reaction - Cl. + CH4 -- > . . . ?

  Cl. + CH4 --> HCl + CH3.

  HCl + CH3. --> CH3Cl + Cl.
• What is this Halogenoalkanes reaction called - I. + I. --> I ?

  Termination
• What is this Halogenoalkanes reaction called - Cl2 --> 2CL. ? 


  initiation
• When Alkanes react with Halogens, what must they be in the presence of?

  UV lights