Psychology Exam 1 review

• Psychological science is the study, through research, of mind, brain, and behavior
• comes from philosophy- introspectionism is “looking into” and refers to observing and examining your conscious thoughts or emotions. 
• Functionalism is the adaptive process or function of mind and behavior to environmental demands- consciousness if continuous.
• Behaviorism is a theory that focuses on observable behavior and ignores internal mental processes.
• Cognitive revolutionism - the idea that the brain is the source of all mental activity that drives all behavior
• Mind/Body Problem Question: are the mind and body separate or distinct, or is the mind simply the physical brain's subjective experience?
• The nature vs nurture debate about the extent to which human behaviour is influenced by biological factors or by the environment.
• Localization of function is the idea that certain functions have certain locations or areas within the brain
• Distributed Practice is when you practice in small chunks and then combine.
• Learning Psychology can improve critical thinking
• Retrieval-based learning is learning new information by repeatedly recalling it from long-term processing.
• Elaborative Processing is learning by asking yourself why a fact is true or why it operates
• Critical Thinking systematically questions and evaluates information using well-supported evidence.
• Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for and interpret information in a way that confirms our existing beliefs.
• Availability Heuristic is the tendency to make judgements based on how easy it it comes to mind.
• Selective Sampling is only searching for things consisting of certain beliefs
• Selective memory is the tendency to remember information that supports our beliefs and ignore information that contradicts them
• Hindsight bias is the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of predictions made after the event
• The Dunning-Krueger affect is the tendency to overestimate one's own abilities
• A theory is a set of ideas and concepts that explain what is observed
• A hypothesis is a testable prediction that is supported by evidence
• a good theory is one that is falsifiable, testable, simple, and helps advance science
• A descriptive study is observing behavior to describe it objectively and systematically.
• A correlational study describes and predicts how variables are naturally related with no alteration or assigned causation.
• An experimental study is a study that involves testing a casual hypothesises by manipulating and measuring variables
• What type of correlation is this? /

  Positive

  
• What type of correlation is this? \

  Negative
• The directionality problem is finding the relationship between two variables, but they cannot determine which variable may have caused the other variable.
• the third variable problem is when the researcher cannot directly manipulate variables, as a result. the researcher cannot be confident that a third variable is actually the cause of differences in variables
• The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated by the researcher t
• The dependent variable is the outcome of the experiment, which is measured by the experimenter.
• The experimental group is the group that is exposed to the experimental manipulation
• the control group is the group that is not exposed to the experimental manipulation
• Random assignment is when participants are randomly assigned to the experimental or control group
• A Confound is a variable that is not controlled for in a study.
• Matching subjects based on key characteristics can minimize the influence of confounding variables.
• An operational definition is a description of the concept that is used to test the concept.
• Internal validity is the extent to which the results of a study are due to the independent variable and not due to other factors.
• External Validity is the extent to which the findings of the study can be generalised to other situations
• Construct validity is the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure