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• Prominent Leaders of the Indian Independence Movement:

  • Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Known as the "Father of Modern India," advocated reforms and condemned practices like child marriages and rigid caste distinctions
  • Mohandas Gandhi: Led the struggle for Indian independence with principles of "Ahimsa" and "Satyagraha," promoting civil disobedience
  • Jawaharlal Nehru: Envisioned a secular and modern independent India, worked alongside Gandhi
  • Muhammad Ali Jinnah: Leader of the Muslim League, demanded a separate country for South Asia's Muslims, leading to the creation of Pakistan
  • Nathuram Godse: Infamously assassinated Gandhi due to ideological differences
• Collapse of the Ottoman Empire and Emergence of Modern Turkey under Mustafa Kemal Ataturk:

  • Reformist Period and Abdul Hamid II: Reformist Turks aimed to modernize the Ottoman Empire, Abdul Hamid II's reign saw suspension of reforms and rise of dictatorship
  • World War I and Collapse: Ottoman Empire weakened during WWI, British support for nationalist groups contributed to its collapse
  • Formation of the Republic of Turkey: Treaty of Lausanne dissolved the Ottoman Empire, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk led the Turkish National Movement
  • Ataturk's Reforms: Introduced modernization in politics, economy, and culture, including a democratic system, economic plans, and secularism
  • Cultural and Linguistic Reforms: Fostered Turkish nationalism through cultural changes like adopting the Roman alphabet and granting women's rights
• Neocolonialism:

  • Refers to the use of political, military, and economic means by developed countries to dominate less developed nations
  • Perpetuates exploitation of natural resources and economic dependency
  • Involves cultural shaping through mass media, education, and religion
• Dependency Theory:

  • Developed countries exploit resources from underdeveloped nations to sustain their economies
  • Institutions like the IMF and World Bank impose agreements favoring developed countries, perpetuating dependency
• Cultural Identity Theory:

  • Powerful nations spread influence through media, language, education, and religion
  • Rapid adoption of Western customs, language, education, and religion observed in Asian societies due to neocolonialism
• Globalization of Education:

  • Exchange of scholars and resources contributes to knowledge development across countries
  • Opening of economies attracts foreign investment, fostering economic growth
• Contributions of South and West Asia:

  • Literature: Indian literature (Vedas, Mahabharata) and Arabic literature (Quran) hold historical importance
  • Painting and Visual Arts: Indian paintings influenced by Hinduism, Arabic paintings showcase traditional styles
  • Sculpture and Architecture: Indian architecture intricate, Arabic architecture unique (Dome of the Rock)
  • Dance and Music: Asian dance and music connected to religion, Indian music sacred, Arab musical instruments include mi’zafa and tambourine
  • Sports: Chess originated in India, Kalaripayate martial art used for protection
  • Science and Medicine: Arabs developed the astrolabe, Ibn Sina (Avicenna) prominent in medicine during the Medieval Age
• Neocolonialism:

  • Refers to the use of political, military, and economic means by developed or powerful countries to exert influence and dominate less developed nations
  • Perpetuates the exploitation of natural resources in underdeveloped countries and maintains economic dependency on developed nations
  • Cultural neocolonialism involves shaping the cultural identity of native populations through mass media, education, and religion
• Dependency Theory:

  • Views the world as revolving around developed countries, which exploit resources from underdeveloped nations to sustain their economies
  • Institutions like the IMF and World Bank often impose agreements favoring developed countries, perpetuating dependency
• Cultural Identity Theory:

  • Powerful nations spread their influence by invading the minds of people through media, language, education, and religion
  • Rapid adoption of Western customs, language, education, and religion is observed in Asian societies due to neocolonialism
• Globalization of Education:

  • Exchange of scholars and resources contributes to the development of knowledge across countries
  • Opening of economies, such as India's in 1991, attracted significant foreign investment, particularly from American companies
• Contributions of South and West Asia:

  • **Literature:** Indian literature includes the Vedas and Mahabharata. Arabic literature is exemplified by the Quran
  • **Painting and Visual Arts:** Indian paintings depict ancient Indian life influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism. Arabic paintings showcase traditional Arabic styles and images
  • **Sculpture and Architecture:** Indian architecture demonstrates intricate planning. Arabic architecture, like the Dome of the Rock, showcases unique features
  • **Dance and Music:** Asian dance and music are deeply connected to religion. Indian music, based on ragas, is considered sacred. Arab musical instruments include the mi’zafa and tambourine
  • **Sports:** Chess originated in India and spread to Persia. Kalaripayate, an Indian martial art, was used for protection during journeys
  • **Science and Medicine:** Arabs developed the astrolabe for recording time and astronomy. In medicine, Ibn Sina (Avicenna) was a prominent figure during the Medieval Age
• 1. Independence Declarations:

  • Pakistan declared independence on August 14, 1947.
  • India declared independence at 12:02 am on August 15, 1947.
  • Mass migration of 10 million people resulted in significant unrest and casualties.

  1. Gandhi's Assassination:

  • Assassinated by Nathuram Godse on January 30, 1948.
  • Despite his efforts to end violence through non-violence, Gandhi fell victim to extremism.
• France and Great Britain were with the Allied powers in WW1
• Before WW1, West Asia was ruled by the Ottoman Empire
• The main goal of Arab Nationalism during the 19th century and early 20th century was an Arab Empire
• Muslims' League - Group of Muslim Nationalists
• Indian National Congress - Meeting of Indian Nationalist which later became a political party
• Mandate System - League of Nations arrangement wherein a more powerful nation guides a weaker one
• Laws in British India were made by the Indian National Congress
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Considered as the "Father of Modern India," Roy challenged traditional Hindu culture and advocated reforms, condemning practices such as child marriages, suttee, and rigid caste distinctions.
• Mohandas Gandhi: Led the struggle for Indian independence from 1920 to 1940. Gandhi, known for his principles of "Ahimsa" (non-violence) and "Satyagraha" (truth-force), advocated civil disobedience and boycotts against British rule, including the famous Salt March in 1930.
• Jawaharlal Nehru: A key figure in the independence movement, Nehru envisioned an independent India as secular and modern. Despite differences, he worked alongside Gandhi towards independence. After World War II, Nehru played a significant role in pushing for independence, which was granted due to Britain's weakened post-war state.
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah: Leader of the Muslim League, Jinnah demanded the creation of an independent country for South Asia's Muslims, leading to the eventual formation of Pakistan. His stance caused tension with Gandhi and Nehru's vision of a unified India, culminating in a bloody civil war and the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947.
• Nathuram Godse: Infamously known as Gandhi's assassin, Godse killed Gandhi on January 30, 1948, due to ideological differences and opposition to Gandhi's views on Hindu-Muslim unity.
• Reformist Period and Abdul Hamid II: In 1876, reformist Turks took over the Ottoman Empire, aiming to modernize it. Abdul Hamid II's reign saw the suspension of reforms and the rise of dictatorship, leading to the formation of nationalist groups like the Young Turks.
• Formation of the Republic of Turkey: With the Treaty of Lausanne, the Ottoman Empire was dissolved, and the Republic of Turkey emerged. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk played a crucial role in leading the Turkish National Movement and establishing Turkey as a modern republic.
• Ataturk's Reforms: Ataturk initiated sweeping reforms in Turkey, focusing on modernization in politics, economy, and culture. He introduced a democratic system, economic development plans, and secularism, separating religion from the state.
• .Cultural and Linguistic Reforms: Ataturk implemented cultural changes to foster Turkish nationalism, including the adoption of the Roman alphabet, replacing Arabic script, and banning traditional clothing like the Fez and Burqa.
• Women's Rights: Ataturk's reforms extended to women's rights, granting them the right to vote and promoting gender equality in marriage and inheritance laws.
• Hussein - Arab Religious leader who formed alliance with the British and French during WW1
• • The game of chess originated in India which was laterpassed on to the Persians. It is known in India'Chaturanga' translates as 'the fourdivisions', meaning infantry, cavalry, elephantry, andchariotry. They were the four divisions of an Indianarmy at the time, and no doubt the game was thoughtof as a war-game.The word checkmate also comes from India and isknown as Krida-patrams. This game is a favoritepastime of the kings and nobles of the royal court inIndia.Kalaripayate was used by the Buddhists as a tribute or protection in their journey.
• The Mahabharata epic is their greatest and longestepic in the world which gives a clear description of thewar of the tribes in India in ancient times.
• • Kalidasa is considered the greatest writer of Sanskritliterature.
• • Indian painting was first found in the Ajanta cavedepicting the ancient way of life of the Indians.