HA rle pain

• CLO#1: Trace the pathophysiology of pain.

  • Pathophysiology of pain involves transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation
  • Nociceptors are stimulated by mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimuli causing tissue injury
  • Neurotransmitters are released and concentrated in the substantia gelatinosa during transmission
  • Emotional state influences pain perception
  • Pain modulation alters or stops the spinal cord's transmission of pain signals
• CLO#2: Discuss the different classifications of pain.

  • Nociceptive pain caused by tissue damage
  • Neuropathic pain caused by nerve damage
  • Inflammatory pain caused by inflammation
  • Acute pain lasts for a specific amount of time
  • Chronic nonmalignant pain lasts longer than three to six months
  • Cancer pain associated with cancer and its treatment
  • Intractable pain unresponsive to therapy or medication
  • Cutaneous pain felt in the skin
  • Visceral pain comes from inside the body
  • Deep somatic pain felt deep inside the muscles and tissues
• Numeric Rating Scale:

  • Scale designed to assess pain severity
  • Horizontal line with an eleven-point numeric range from 0 to 10
  • 0 represents one pain extreme ("no pain"), 10 represents the other extreme ("worst pain imaginable")
  • Can be administered verbally or on paper
  • Applicable age group: 9 years old and above
• Verbal Descriptor:

  • Series of descriptive phrases representing pain severity
  • Ranges from "no pain" to "worst possible pain"
  • Useful but may have limitations with patients with limited literacy or language barriers
  • Applicable age group: Older adults with mild to moderate cognitive impairment
• Wong-Baker Faces:

  • Tool for patients to rate pain using facial expressions
  • Zero represents "no hurt," ten represents "hurts worst"
  • Developed for children to better communicate pain
  • Applicable age group: Individuals aged 3 and above
• Visual Analog Scale:

  • Used to assess severity or frequency of symptoms
  • Patients mark a point on a scale to indicate pain level
  • Widely used in various adult groups
  • Allows precise pain level representation
  • Applicable age group: 7-year-olds and above
• McCaffrey's Initial Pain Assessment Tool:

  • Helps healthcare professionals assess a patient's pain
  • Includes diagrams of the human body and questions about pain severity, nature, causes, effects, and contributing factors
  • Designed for individuals who struggle to express pain effectively
  • Applicable age group: Children, older adults, or patients with cognitive impairments
• COLDSPA Symptom Analysis Mnemonic:

  • Mnemonic to explore symptoms comprehensively
  • Components: Character, Onset, Location, Duration, Severity, Pattern, Associated Factors
  • Helps in assessing a client's health history effectively
  • Sample situation provided for application
• Severity of pain and numbness can be assessed on a scale of 1-10
• Assessment includes how pain and numbness affect daily life activities and movement ability
• Different positions and activities can affect back numbness and pain
• Associated factors with back discomfort may include symptoms in other areas like the lower right abdomen
• Non-pharmacological pain management aims to decrease fear, distress, anxiety, and pain
• Guided Imagery:

  • Involves visualization and imagery-based suggestions to lower stress hormones
  • Enhances general well-being and physical health
• Music Therapy:

  • Utilizes music interventions to achieve therapeutic goals
  • Effective in reducing pain and anxiety
• Relaxation techniques:

  • Widely used non-pharmacological interventions for pain management
  • Include meditation, aromatherapy, and deep breathing
• Key points during a physical examination for pain:

  • Choose a reliable assessment tool
  • Explain pain intensity rationing to the client
  • Ensure client privacy and confidentiality
  • Respect client's pain expressions and behaviors
  • Consider cultural differences in pain expression