abnormal kidneys pathology

• name the path

  simple renal cyst aka cortical cyst

  
• if the cyst is located on the periphery of the kidney, what would it be called?

  cortical or parenchymal cyst
• if the cyst is located centrally in the kidney, what would it be called?

  peripelvic cyst
• simple renal cysts occur in 50 % of people that are >50 years old

  in children, it is <1 %
• what's uriniferous tubule?

  nephron
• where do simple cortical cysts originate from?

  obstructed uriniferous tubules
• name the path

  para/peripelvic cyst

  
• what type of cysts are usually caused by issues within the lymphatic system?

  para/peripelvic cysts
• what type of cysts do not communicate with the collecting system?

  para/peripelvic cysts
• simple cysts can turn more complex due to hemorrhage, infections, or calcification
• simple cysts may contain:

  • septations
  • thick walls
  • calcifications
  • internal echoes
  • mural nodularity (nodules on the outside edge)
• internal echoes of complex renal masses are often the result of:

  • protein content
  • hemorrhage
  • infectious processes
• complex renal masses are considered malignant until biopsied
• when is a lesion presumed malignant?

  when septations are thicker than 1mm with vascularity
• what characteristics suggest malignancy in cysts?

  • multiple thick septations
  • irregular walls
  • solid areas within the cyst
• name the path

  complex renal mass

  
• hemorrhagic cysts account fo 6% of renal cysts
• hemorrhagic sono appearance?

  depends on age of bleed
• name the path

  hemorrhagic cyst

  
• infected cysts account for 2.5% of complex renal masses
• simple cysts may get infected by the spread of bacteria in the bloodstream, backflow of infected urine, or complications from surgery
• sono appearance for infected cysts

  cloudy debris (settles at the bottom)

  septations are common
• name the path

  infected cyst

  
• calcified cysts account for 1% of renal cysts
• calcified cysts were once hemorrhagic or infected
• calcified cysts are commonly called milk of calcium cysts
• sono appearance of calcified cysts

  thin echogenic wall surrounding anechoic cyst
• name the path

  calcified cyst

  
• all renal tumors are assumed malignant until proven otherwise
• flank pain is present if the mass is large or if hemorrhaging from the mass has occurred
• most common benign renal tumor, often an incidental finding

  adenoma
• adenomas typically are <1 cm and rarely larger than 3 cm
• when pt has adenoma, they are typically asymptomatic and diagnosed in the 6th-7th decade of life
• adenoma has a similar appearance to?

  renal cell carcinoma
• adenoma sono characteristis

  complex

  heterogenous

  highly vascular
• name the path

  adenoma

  
• oncocytoma predominately affects females or males?

  males
• oncocytoma has an increased incidence in middle aged and older patients
• size of oncocytoma

  3 mm to 26 cm but usually large (avg 6 cm)
• oncocytoma sono characteristics

  heterogenous

  smooth and well defined wall

  similar to rcc