GCSE PE paper 2

• PEDs (Performance Enhancing Drugs) include stimulants, anabolic steroids, narcotic analgesics, diuretics, EPO (Peptide hormones), beta blockers, and blood doping
• Stimulants:

  • Reduce tiredness and increase alertness
  • Examples: caffeine, cocaine
  • Side effects: raised blood pressure, addictive
  • Used by: sprinters for sprint start
• Anabolic steroids:

  • Repair body tissue and promote muscle growth
  • Side effects: liver and heart damage, development of male features in women
  • Used by: weight lifters, shot putters
• Narcotic analgesics:

  • Reduce pain
  • Example: morphine
  • Side effects: nausea, addictive
  • Used by: any injured or overtrained individuals
• Diuretics:

  • Flush water out for weight loss and to flush out other PEDs
  • Side effects: dehydration, dizziness, light-headedness
  • Used by: boxers, jockeys
• EPO (Peptide hormones):

  • Increase oxygen transport by stimulating blood cell production
  • Side effects: blood clots, cardiovascular problems
  • Used by: cyclists, marathon runners
• Beta blockers:

  • Slow heart rate and reduce the effect of adrenaline
  • Side effects: heart problems, low blood pressure, weakness, nausea
  • Used by: archers
• Blood doping:

  • Increases the number of red blood cells
  • Side effects: increased blood viscosity, heart attacks, blood vessel blockage, infection, kidney failure
  • Used by: marathon runners, endurance athletes
• Steps for blood doping:

  1. Take blood out of the body weeks before the competition and freeze it

  2. Exercise to produce more red blood cells

  3. Re-inject the blood just before the competition (up to 1 week before) to increase the red blood cell count
• Reasons for using PEDs:

  • Perform better
  • Maintain career
  • Pressure from country, coaches, peers
  • Financial gain
  • Fame
  • Better chance of success
  • Others
• Reasons against using PEDs:

  • Immoral
  • Health risks
  • Regular testing
  • Bans
  • Damage to reputation
  • Negativity from the public
  • Against etiquette and fair play in sportsmanship
• Disadvantages of PEDs to the sport:

  • Loss of reputation
  • Spectators become cynical about good performers
  • Loss of credibility
  • Loss of sponsorship
  • Reduction in spectators
  • Fall in participation levels
  • Loss of income under grassroots
• Advantages of technology in sports:

  • Easier to see logos due to enhanced viewing quality
  • More coverage of sports provides more opportunities to see products
  • Advertising opportunities during breaks on TV
  • Better standard of play using improved equipment encourages more sales
  • Improved equipment, clothing, and footwear to improve performance and safety
  • Improved security at venues
  • Better facilities such as velodromes for cycling
  • Better decisions by officials due to technology support such as VAR
  • Better drug testing to prevent cheating
  • Multiple viewing platforms such as TV, tablet, and mobile phone
  • Better picture and sound creating a better viewing experience
  • Interactive options such as player cam
  • Increased enjoyment as a result of better performances due to technology
  • Increased interaction at live games for decisions like VAR and Hawkeye
• • Technology support means less chance of errors as it provides additional help to reach the right decision (VAR, Hawkeye, Hot spot)
  • Improved timing devices mean more accurate results
  • Wifi allows for improved communication with officials and technicians
• Disadvantages of technology in sports:

  • Need for more funding to buy equipment for performers and provide access to the best medical support
  • Sponsored players may be found cheating, reflecting badly on the sponsor
  • Increased cost of equipment
  • State-of-the-art facilities cost more
  • Technology can go wrong, leading to expensive repairs
  • Technology can be inaccurate
  • Human element of lucky decisions is lost
  • People can watch at home rather than attend live games
  • Players/performers unable to afford modern technology are at a disadvantage
  • Breaks in play waiting for decisions can be boring
  • Technology changes the nature of the sport
  • Viewers may have to pay to view some sports or for specialist sports channels
  • Technology is expensive, including 3D and ultra HD TVs
  • Viewers may not experience the excitement of watching the match live
  • Reliance on technology can lead to challenges in decisions and loss of respect for officials and judgement
• Commercialisation in sports:

  • Sponsorship: support provided in return for advertising, sponsorship, and endorsement
  • Media: main means of communication including printed media, broadcast media, internet, and social media
  • Sponsors want to promote their products via the media to reach millions of potential customers
  • Media companies need high viewing figures to attract sponsors
  • Media companies pay sports clubs to televise matches to attract viewers and funding
• Media companies pay sports clubs to televise matches, attracting viewers and making it more likely to get funding from sponsors
• Funding for sports is needed for facilities, equipment, and competitions
• Commercialisation can help promote sports by providing opportunities for spectators and players
• Advantages of Commercialisation:

  • Sponsors can provide kit
  • Media can support correct decisions
  • More likely to become role models
• Disadvantages of Commercialisation:

  • The media may not get a high number of viewers
  • The company may not get the exposure they wanted
  • The player/team may not perform well
  • Negative reporting can give a sport a bad name
• Arousal is a physical and mental state of alertness or readiness, varying from deep sleep to intense excitement or alertness
• Optimum Arousal is the point at which the best or optimal performance occurs
• Inverted U theory states that as arousal increases, so does performance up to an optimal point. After this point, if arousal continues to rise, performance will drop due to becoming over-anxious
• The optimal arousal level depends on the type of skill being performed:

  • Fine movement skills like golf putting require lower levels of arousal
  • Gross movement skills like a rugby tackle need higher levels of arousal
• Techniques for managing arousal levels:

  • Mental rehearsal
  • Visualisation/imagery
  • Deep breathing
  • Positive self-talk
• Mental rehearsal involves mentally practicing a skill or movement before physically doing it
• Visualisation/imagery can be used to:

  • Visualise successful outcomes
  • Reduce anxiety for optimal performance
• Deep breathing techniques can help reduce arousal. Concentrating on taking long deep breaths can be beneficial
• Positive self-talk can help prevent negative thoughts during performance. Encouraging phrases can improve confidence
• Examples of application:

  • A bobsleigh driver visualising the track before a race
  • A rugby player mentally going through a skill before a penalty kick
  • A footballer visualising the ball's trajectory before a penalty kick
  • An archer visualising a stress-free environment before shooting
• Feedback types:

  • Intrinsic
  • Extrinsic
  • Positive
  • Negative
  • Knowledge of results
  • Knowledge of performance
• Intrinsic feedback is within the performer, while extrinsic feedback is from outside sources
• Positive feedback focuses on what was good about the performance, while negative feedback highlights areas for improvement
• Knowledge of results focuses on whether the performance achieved the desired outcome, while knowledge of performance looks at how the skill or technique was carried out
• Sportsmanship:

  • Good conduct and respect towards opponents and officials
  • Examples include shaking hands and fair play
• Gamesmanship:

  • Bending the rules for an unfair advantage
  • Examples include time-wasting and exploiting loopholes
• Spectator behavior:

  • Creation of atmosphere
  • Home-field advantage
  • Reasons for hooliganism
  • Strategies to prevent hooliganism
• Advantages of spectators include creating excitement, raising income, and providing motivation for players
• Disadvantages of spectators can include increased pressure on performers, safety concerns, and negative effects on participation numbers