L1

• Why is there a need for language?

  to build relationship
• _____ is superior to other toools

  Language
• is a vital part of human connection

  language
• Mongenesis - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz


  18th century according to _____
• MONOGENESIS by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 


  all ancient and modern languages branched off from a single proto-language
• POLYGENESIS


  present language families derived form many original languages
• Danish Linguist, Otto Jespersen (1860- 1943)


  who made the 5 theories?
• 1. speech arose through onomatopoeic words


  1st theory of Jespersen
• speech arose through people making instinctive sounds


  2nd theory of O. Jespersen
• use of sounds for words

  3rd theory of Jespersen
• 4th theory - Yo- heave- ho theory


  speech arose as people work together, their physical efforts produced communal, rhythmical grunts, which in due course developed into chants
• 5th theory - Sing song Theory


  would arise from romantic side of life-sounds
• 1. Divine source provides human language

  divine source theory of Christians
• 2. Language came from goddess Sarasvati


  Divine source theory of Hindu
• Genesis 2:19


  God created Adam and whatsoever Adam called living creature that was the name thereof.
• Sarasvati, Brahma creator of the universe


  wife of Brahma ( —) ?
• Sarasvati


  goddess of speech
• 1. determine whether humans have innate capacity of speech
  2. determine whic particular languageis innate


  what are the goals of Psammetichus (600 BC) in his experiment?
• they brought two new-born infants in a remote area with a mute shepherd(forbidden to speak) then after two years — those two spoke — word repeaed oftenly is bekos which means bread


  explain the experiment of Psammetichus
• Phrygian


  what was the natural laguage of human according to Psammetichus?
• Hebrew is the innate language 


  what is the innate language according to James IV of Scotland?
• The natural sounds source theory


  primitive words are imitations of the natural sounds which early man and women heard around them
• Bow-wow theory


  explanation for onomatopoeic words
• Yo-heave-ho theory

  sounds of a person who’s involved in physical effort
• Sir Richard Paget (1930) — The oral gesture source theory


  according to him, the movement of tongue when saying goodbye resembles movement of waving the hand
• The oral gesture source theory


  link between physical gesture and orally produced sounds
• linguistics


  study of language
• purely human, non- instinctive


  Language is ___ and ___ method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires
• Arbitrary 


  social agreement of a particular social group (diff. terms)
• arbitrary


  language is a system of ___ vocal symbols which permit al people of all culture to communicate or interact
• sound


  language is a system of communication by ____ operating through the organs of speech
• language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication


  what is the general accepted definition of language?
• Michael Halliday (2003)


  a language is a system of meaning - a semiotic system
• Design features of language


  refers to the quintessential characteristics of human language which can distinguish any human language from any non-human language system
• Saussure


  arbitrariness was first proposed by?
• Arbitrariness


  the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural ( logical, intrinsic) relationship to their meaning
• Duality — Sounds, Meaning


  language possess the property of having 2 levels of structures
• sounds


  lower or basic level
• meaning


  higher level
• sounds


  ___ combined with one another to form meaningful units such as words