physics paper 2 equations

• weight (N) = mass (kg) × gravitational field strength (N/kg)
• work done (J) = force (N) × distance (m)
• 1 joule (J) = 1 newtonmetre (N)
• force (N) = spring constant (N/m) × extension (m)
• elastic potential energy (J) = 1/2 × spring constant (N/m) × extension² (m)
• acceleration (m/s²) = change in velocity (m/s) ÷ time (s)
• final velocity² (m/s) - initial velocity² (m/s) = 2 × acceleration (m/s²) × distance (m)
• resultant force (N) = mass (kg) × acceleration (m/s²)
• stopping distance = thinking distance + braking distance (m)
• momentum (kg m/s) = mass (kg) × velocity (m/s)
• momentum before = momentum after
• period (s) = 1/frequency (Hz)
• wave speed (m/s) = frequency (Hz) × wavelength (m)
• angle of incidence = angle of reflection
• more dense


  bends towards the normal

  angle of incidence > angle of refraction
• less dense


  bends away from the normal

  angle of incidence < angle of refraction
• force (N) = magnetic flux density (T) × current (A) × length (m)
• Fleming's right hand rule

  thumb : direction of wire current

  fingers : direction of magnetic field
• Fleming's left hand rule

  index : north --> south magnetic field

  middle : direction of wire current

  thumb : direction the wire moves
• W (N) = m × g
• W (J) = F × s
• F = k × e
• Ee = 1/2 × k × e²
• a = ◇v ÷ t
• v² - u² = 2 × a × s
• F = m × a
• p = m × v
• T = 1/f
• v = f × λ
• F = B × I × L