Conscience

• What are the three levels of conscience according to Kohlberg?


  Pre-conventional, Conventional, Post-conventional
• How is the pre-conventional level of conscience established?


  Through reward and punishment in childhood
• What motivates individuals at the conventional level of conscience?


  Desire to maintain good relationships and avoid guilt
• What characterizes the post-conventional level of conscience?


  Focus on societal good over individual good
• In the Heinz Dilemma, what would a pre-conventional thinker conclude?


  Heinz should not steal due to punishment
• How would a conventional thinker view Heinz's decision in the Heinz Dilemma?


  Heinz may be justified due to good motivation
• What would a post-conventional thinker conclude about Heinz's actions?


  He should not steal as it breaks societal rules
• What is Freud's term for the human mind and personality?


  Psyche
• What is the role of the Super Ego according to Freud?


  Controls desires and gives moral commands
• How does upbringing influence conscience according to Freud?


  Conscience reflects rules learned in childhood
• What function does guilt serve in relation to conscience?


  It punishes us for moral transgressions
• How does Durkheim view the role of God in society?


  God provides moral obligation to obey society
• What is the collective conscience according to Durkheim?

  Shared beliefs that define societal norms
• How does conscience function as an evolutionary mechanism?


  It strengthens society by sharing moral values
• What are Fromm's two types of conscience?


  Authoritarian and Humanistic conscience
• What characterizes the authoritarian conscience?


  Focus on obedience to societal rules
• What does the humanistic conscience emphasize?


  Awareness of flourishing life and moral resistance
• How does Aquinas define conscience?


  As a God given Gift of reason to discern right from wrong
• What is the Synderesis Rule according to Aquinas?


  Act to do good and avoid evil
• How does conscience relate to Natural Moral Law?

  It helps formulate primary and secondary precepts
• Why is conscience not considered the voice of God by Aquinas?


  It is our ability to reason, not direct commands
• What does Aquinas say about the fallibility of conscience?


  Conscience can make mistakes due to the Fall of Man
• Why should conscience always be followed according to Aquinas?


  It is the method God gave us to reason
• What is Butler's reflective principle regarding conscience?


  Conscience is a natural property that should be obeyed
• What are the two principles that govern human behavior according to Butler?


  Self-love and Benevolence
• How does Butler view conscience as a moral judge?


  It uses reason to weigh moral factors
• Why must conscience always be followed according to Butler?


  It is the ultimate authority over instincts
• What does Fletcher's Agapeic Principle advocate?


  Act to produce the most loving consequence
• How does Fletcher define conscience

  Conscience is a verb not a noun, it is an active and dynamic process that we use
• What is the significance of the situation in Fletcher's view?


  Moral decisions depend on the specific context
• How does Augustine view conscience?


  As part of God's creation in humans
• What does St. Paul say about conscience in Romans 2:15?


  It witnesses to the requirements of the law
• What is Schleiermacher's view on conscience?


  It should take priority over all other moral forms
• How does Schleiermacher describe the conscience?


  As the voice of God within humans
• How does Freud's view of conscience relate to childhood experiences?


  Childhood experiences shape feelings of guilt
• What does Durkheim say about societal judgment and behavior?


  Behavior changes based on societal judgment
• How does Kohlberg's theory apply to attitudes towards adultery?


  Attitudes depend on the stage of conscience
• What is the general view on adultery?

  It varies based on context and upbringing
• How do psychological studies relate to Christian views of conscience?


  They challenge traditional Christian perspectives
• How does Aquinas view the morality of adultery?


  It is wrong according to divine law