Policy

•  William Jenkins' (1978) Public policy as a set of interrelated decisions taken by a political actor or group of actors concerning the selection of goals and the means of achieving them within a specified situation where those decisions should, in principle, be within the power of those actors to achieve
• 1 CL.Chochran & E...Malone, 1995:

  1.1 Patronage Promotional Policies

  1.2 Regulatory Policies

  1.3 Redistributive Policies
• 2. J.P.Lesterrt, Jr, 2000. (Following T.J.Lowi & Others) 2.1. Liberal or Conservative Policies:

  2.2 Substantive or Procedural Policies:

  2.3 Material or Symbolic Policies

  2.4 Collective or Private Goods Policies
• Patronage / Promotional Policies as those gvernment actions that provide incentive for

  individuals or corporations to undertake activities they would only reluctantly undertake without

  the promise of a reward. These can be classified into three types : subsidies ; contracts; and

  licences.
• Regulatory Policies : as those which allow the government to exert control over the conduct

  of certain activites (‘negative forms of control’). They includes : environmental degradation,

  pollution; civil & criminal penalties; consumption of tobacco, alcohol; consumer protection ;

  employee health and safety.
• Redistributive Policies : as those which control people by managing the economy as a whole.

  The techniques of control involve fiscal (tax) and monetary ( supply of money ) policies. They

  tend to beneft one group at the expense of oher groups through the reallocation of wealth.
• Liberal policies are those in which the government is used extensively to bring about social change, usually in the direction ofensuring greater level of social equality.
• Conservative policies generally oppose the use of government to bring about social

  change but may approve government action to preserve the status quo or to promote favored

  interests. Such as : Liberals tend to favor a concentration of power in higher levels of government ;

  whereas Conservatives tend to favor decentralization of power and authority.
• Substantive policies are concerned with governmental actions to deal with substantive problems, such as highway construction; environmental protection; payment of welfare benefits.
• Procedural policies are those that relate to how something is going to be done or who

  is going to take action, such as the Administrative Procedures Act of 194 G.
• Material policies provide concrete resources or substantive power to their beneficiaries , or , impose real disadvantages on those adversely affected. For example , welfare payments; housing subsidies; etc.
• Symbolic policies appeal more to cherished values than

  to tangibles benefits; such as national holidays that honor patriots, concerning the flag etc.
• Collective goods policies are those benefits that cannot be given to some but denied to others, such as national defense and public safety.
• Private goods

  policies are those goods that may be divided into units, and for which consumers can be

  charged , such as food, trash collection, home security etc.
• Policymaking-bodies in the Philippines:

  ❑National Economic Development Authority (NEDA)

  islative Executive Development Advisory Council (LEDAC)
• National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) – for socio-

  economic policies
• Legislative Executive Development Advisory Council (LEDAC) –

  general legislative agendas
• NEDA

  • The highest policy making body responsible for all aspects of the

  development program

  • NEDA Board is headed by the President with selected Cabinet secretaries

  and other executive staff officers and members.

  • NEDA Secretariat is the research arm of the NEDA board.

  • NEDA Director-General heads the Secretariat, and is also the Social-

  Economic Planning Secretary (per EO#230)
• Problems and Criticisms

  • New Influence Players

  ❑Catholic Church – with two EDSAs’ to their credit

  ❑Mass Media – compelling instrument to manipulate and

  /or direct public opinion

  ❑Civil Society – takes it upon themselves to rise up and

  partake of the largesse of power
• Three Elements of Policy System
• Policy

  • Policy is a set of principles that represent the end result of a decision as to

  how best to achieve the set objectives

  • It is the function of POLITICS

  • Politics is the function of ARTS and SCIENCE of power
• Public Policy

  • generally defined as a system of laws, regulatory measures,

  courses of action, and funding priorities concerning a given topic

  promulgated by a governmental entity or its representatives.

  • an attempt by a government to address a public issue by

  instituting laws, regulations, decisions, or actions pertinent to the

  problem at hand.
• J.E.Anderson , 1975 :

  Public policy is a purposive course of action followed by govern-ment in dealing with some topic or

  mater of public concern
• D.Easton , 1953 : Public policy is the authoritative allocation of values for the whole society
• T.R.Dye , 1978 : Public policy is whatever govrnments choose to do or not to do
• C.L.Chochran & E.F.Malone , 1995 :

  Public policy consists of political decisions for implementing pro-grams to achieve societal goals
• D.L.Weimer & A.R.Vining , 1999 :

  “ .... Greater equity in the distributions of economic and political resources, should be viewed as

  only necessary conditions for appropriate government intervention “
• Public Policy Formulation

  • The process to create a new public policy typically

  follows three steps: agenda-setting, option-

  formulation, and implementation; the time-line for a

  new policy to be put in place can range from weeks to

  several years, depending on the situation.
• market failure

  Lack ofcompetition

  2. Barriers to entry and exit

  3. Restricted flow of information

  4. Externalities and social cost

  5. Rising service costs
• Government Failure

  Inability to define social welfare

  2. Limits to democracy and the paradox

  of voting

  3. Inability to define the marginal

  benefts and costs of public goods

  4. Political constraints

  5. Cultural constraints

  6. Institutional constraints

  7. Legal constraints

  8. Knowledge constraints

  9. Analytical constraints

  10.Timing of policies