LAB: plantae

• Kingdom Plantae, also referred to as the terrestrial plants
• Plants are characterized as having a cell wall composed of cellulose; chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids used to absorb solar radiation for photosynthesis; food stored as starch; formation of the cell plate during cell division; and sporic sexual reproduction through alternation of generation
• Plants have a crucial effect on the global climate and the environment - they remove carbon dioxide and release oxygen
• Sexual reproduction takes place during a plant's life cycle, and alternates between the sporophyte and gametophyte stage.
• Gametophyte stage: makes gametes (sex cells) - male gametophyte and female gametophyte, sperm + egg -> zygote
• Sporophyte stage: makes spores which grow into the gametophyte stage
• Life cycle of a plant is broken into 2 generations - sporophyte and gametophyte
• Gametophyte dominant, Nonvascular plant: Marchantiophyta, Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta

  • stay short because they have to stay close to water
  • live in a wet environment
• Sporophyte dominant: Lycophyta, Psilotophyta, Sphenophyta, Pterophyta, Cyadophyta, Ginkophyta, Pinophyta (Coniferophyta), Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)
• Phylum: Marchantiophyta

  Common name: liverworts

  • gametophyte dominant
  • nonvascular: short, live in wet environments

  
• Phylum: Anthocerophyta

  Common name: hornworts

  • gametophyte dominant
  • nonvascular: short, live in wet environment

  
• Phylum: Bryophyta

  Common name: Mosses

  • gametophyte dominant
  • nonvascular: short, live in wet environment

  
• Archegonia: bryophyta female gametophyte

  • produce eggs

  
• Atheridia: bryophyta male gametophyte

  • produces sperm

  
• Phylum: Lycophyta

  Common name: club mosses

  • sporophyte dominant
  • vascular plant
  • slightly taller, still needs water for reproduction

  
• Phylum: Psilotophyta

  Common name: wisk fern

  • sporophyte dominant
  • vascular plant
  • slightly taller, still needs water for reproduction

  
• Phylum: Sphenophyta

  Common name: horsetail

  • sporophyte dominant
  • vascular plant
  • slightly taller, still need water for reproduction

  
• Phylum: Pterophyta

  Common name: fern

  • sporophyte dominant
  • vascular plant
  • slightly taller, still needs water for reproduction

  
• Prothallus: ferns gametophyte stage

  • microscopic
  • sporophyte grows out of it

  
• Sori: where the spores of the fern come from

  
• Phylum: Cycadophyta

  Common name: cycads

  • sporophyte dominant
  • vascular plant
  • tall, trees

  
• Phylum: Ginkophyta

  Common name: Ginko

  • sporophyte dominant
  • vascular plant
  • tall, tree

  
• Phylum: Pinophyta (Coniferophyta)

  Common name: confers (pine, spruce, etc)

  • sporophyte dominant
  • vascular plant
  • tall, tree

  
• Ovulate cone: conifers female cone

  
• Staminant cone: conifers male cone

  
• Phylum: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)

  Common name: flowering plants

  • sporophyte dominant
  • vascular plant
  • tall

  
• Stamen (male) = filament + anther

  Carpel (female) = stimga + style + ovary

  A) style

  B) sepal

  C) ovary

  D) receptacle

  E) petal

  F) anther

  G) filament

  H) stigma

  
• monocot - flower petals in groups of 3

  root: fibrous roots

  cross-section of a root: xylem in a ring shape

  cross-section of a stem: vascular bundles scattered

  leaf veins: parallel

  cotyledon: 1
• dicot - flower petals in groups of 4 or 5

  root: taproot

  cross-section of a root: xylem in a "x" shape

  cross-section of a stem: vascular bundles in a ring shape

  leaf veins: branching

  cotyledon: 2
• stomata/guard cells: leaf pores

  
• root hairs: increase surface area and therefore increase absorption

  
• How is pine pollen transported? How do you know from the shape?

  The wind catches on the two side wings to help the pollen move
• pinophyta - staminate cone

  
• pinophyta - ovulate cone

  
• Pinophyta - pollen grains

  
• pterophyta - prothallium

  
• pterophyta - sori (spores)

  
• marchantiophyta - antherdia