Cells

• Ribosomes synthesize proteins using instructions from DNA.
• Mitochondria are responsible for producing energy through cellular respiration.
• Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins and lipids for transport to other parts of the cell or outside the cell.
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA) that determines an organism's characteristics.
• Vacuoles store water, nutrients, and wastes inside the cell.
• Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are found only in plant cells; they convert sunlight into chemical energy during photosynthesis.
• Cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell.
• Endoplasmic reticulum helps with protein production and transportation.
• Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum synthesises fats steroids and converts harmful substances into harmless ones (detoxification).
• Chromosomes are long thread-like structures within the nucleus.
• A human cells has 46 chromosomes
• Chromosomes condense and shorten to become thick, rod-shaped structures during cell division.
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum appears rough on the surface as ribosomes are studded onto its outer surface.
• Vesicles can be seen fusing with the Golgi apparatus and pinching off from the opposite side.
• Vesicles that pinched off from the Golgi apparatus fuse with the cell membrane and its contents (proteins and other substances) are transported out of the cell.