Biology 2 Exam 2 (Animals)

• chlrophytes


  green algae
• Algae


  Algae display a zygotic life cycle with a one cell diploid zygote
• Why were plants allowed to come onto land?

  Ozone layer formed and allowed plants to be protected from radiation
• what features did the plants that came on land have ?

  specialized roots, stems, specialized reproductive features, and increased area for photosynthesis in the leaves
• Bryophytes


  liverworts, mosses, hornworts

  have root-like structures called rhizoids

  alternation of generations
• vascular systems


  Adaptation for more effective water dispersal within plants
• What type of plant does not have vascular members?

  bryophtes
• Non green algae are ?


  protists
• Whats special about cynanobacteria

  they do photosynthesis

  Called blue-green but not really algae
• Amoebas


  protozoans (Rhizopoda)

  have a pseudopodia
• Where did land plants derive from?

  algae
• Mosses


  (bryophyte)
• Why do bryophytes need to be close to water?

  Bryophytes lack specialized vascular tissues, which limits their distribution to moist habitats, because their rhizoids neither penetrate the soil very far nor absorb many nutrients, and thus all tissues need to be in contact with water.
• gametophyte phase


  the gamete-producing and usually haploid phase, producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises. It is the dominant form in bryophytes.
• sporophyte phases


  the asexual and usually diploid phase, producing spores from which the gametophyte arises. It is the dominant form in vascular plants, e.g., the frond of a fern.
• antheridia


  Male sex organ in a bryophte

  swimming sperm
• archegonia


  female sex organ in a bryophte.
• Liverwarts

  Earliest land plants

  do fragmintaion

  both asexual and sexually
• archegoniophore


  female organ that makes eggs in liverwarts
• antheridiophores


  male organ that creates falgelled sperm.
• Tracheopytes


  vascular plants on land

  includes : Lycophytes (club mosses)

  Pterophytes (ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails)

  Seed plants
• Lycophytes


  club mosses
• Pterophytes


  ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails)
• ferns


  vascular tissue, an independent sporophyte, and stomata
• sori


  where groups of sporangia is stored
• sporangia


  where spores are stored
• The nonvascular plants are the ______.

  A) algae and blue-green algae

  B) hornworts, liverworts and mosses

  C) fungi and slime and water molds

  D) gymnosperms

  E) flowering plants

  B
• What is the function of the archegonium?

  A) to produce eggs

  B) to carry out asexual reproduction

  C) to produce sperm

  D) to absorb minerals and water

  E) to anchor the roots

  A
• Which of these is NOT true of bryophytes?

  A) include liverworts and mosses

  B) lack vascular tissue

  C) require moisture to accomplish fertilization

  D) produce spores carried by insects

  E) short because they lack an efficient means of transporting water to heights

  D
• what plant has a dominant form of gametophyte

  bryophytes
• what plants have a dominant form of sporophyte phases

  ferns

  vascular plants
• tracheids


  are elongated cells in the xylem of vascular plants that serve in the transport of water and mineral salts
• seed


  includes embryo (sporophyte), endosperm (food source for embryo), and a protective cover
• Advantages of seeds

  Seeds are tough, so they can resist abrasion, remain dormant to survive unfavorable conditions, and do not require water as a medium for sperm transport (as seen in non-seed plants).
• gymnosperms


  first seed plants; includes Coniferophyta, produce "naked" seeds since they are not enclosed in fruit
• Conifers


  Most familiar gymnosperm phylum includes Pines, spruces, firs, cedars, and othersCoastal redwood - Tallest living vascular plant
• seed plant reproduction

  seed plants produce two kinds of gametophytes; pollen grains are conveyed to female gametophyte by wind or pollinators, sperm reaches eggs by traveling through a pollen tube and a dormant phase is introduced into the life cycle
• How does sperm reach the egg.

  traveling thorough the pollen tube.
• heterosporous


  (gymnosperms) they produce two types of spores

  microspores & megaspores
• Microspores


  Microspores occur in male cones and form male gametophytes