[STS] Chapter 1 - Part 2

• Science and technology in the Philippines had experienced periods of intense growth as well as long periods of stagnation.
• Department of Science and Technology: the main managing agency responsible for science and technology
• Numerous national scientists have contributed in different fields of science including Fe del Mundo in the field of Pediatrics, Eduardo Quisumbing in the field of Plant taxonomy, Gavino Trono in the field of tropical marine Phycology, Maria Orosa in the field of Food technology and many more.
• Pre-Spanish Era

  • Filipinos were already aware of the medicinal and therapeutic properties of plants and the methods of extracting medicine from herbs.
  • They already had an alphabet, number system, a weighing and measuring system and a calendar. Filipinos were already engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and weaving.
  • The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of engineering by pre- Spanish era Filipinos.
• Pre-Spanish Era

  • The first inhabitants in the archipelago who settled in Palawan and Batangas around 40,000 years ago have made simple tools or weapons of stone which eventually developed techniques for sawing, drilling and polishing hard stones.
  • This very primitive technology was brought by primal needs of survival by hunting wild animals and gathering fruits and vegetables in the forest.
• Pre-Spanish Era

  • Still on its primitive state, the first inhabitants in the country are learning what can be harnessed from the environment. They have come to understand that when clay is mixed with water and then shaped into something before sun drying, it hardens to an object that can also be useful to them.
• Pre-Spanish Era

  • As the early Filipinos flourished, they have learned how to extract, smelt and refine metals like copper, gold, bronze and iron from nature and consequently fashion them into tools and implements.
  • At this point, the inhabitants of the country are showing a deeper understanding of their nature because they were able to obtain valuable resources from nature.
• Pre-Spanish Era

  • As the inhabitants shifted from wandering from one place to another and learned to settle in areas near the water source, they also learned how to weave cotton, engaged themselves in agriculture and are knowledgeable on building boats for coastal trade.
  • It can be concluded that primitive Filipinos are practicing science and technology in their everyday lives. They were living in perfect harmony with nature and they obtain from it what is just needed in their everyday life through a very simple science of understanding how mother nature operates.
• Spanish Colonial Era

  • The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution.
  • During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines. Parish schools were established where religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music was taught.
  • Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture was taught to the natives.
  • Later the Spanish established colleges and universities in the archipelago including the oldest existing university in Asia, the University of Santo Tomas.
• Spanish Colonial Era

  • The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine colonial economy.
  • Trade was given more focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities due to the prospects of big profits.
  • Agriculture and industrial development on the other hand were relatively neglected.
  • The opening of the Suez Canal saw the influx of European visitors to the Spanish colony and some Filipinos were able to study in Europe who were probably influenced by the rapid development of scientific ideals brought by the Age of Enlightenment.
• Spanish Colonial Era

  • Established schools run by Spanish friars (highest institution of learning -Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas), hospitals and started scientific research
  • The very strict hold of the church among citizens and its intervention and meddling to the government propelled by fear of intellectual awakening among Filipinos have greatly hindered the progress of these professionals to further enhance their knowledge, conduct scientific investigations and contribute to the advancement of society.
• Spanish Colonial Era

  • Dr. Jose Rizal is the epitome of the Renaissance man in the Philippine context. He is a scientist, a doctor, an engineer (he designed and built a water system in Dapitan), a journalist, a novelist, an urban planner and a hero.
  • Charity hospitals became the breeding ground for scientific researches on pharmacy and medicine, with great focus on problems of infectious diseases, their causes and possible remedies.
• Spanish Colonial Era [Dr. Jose Rizal cont.]

  • In 1887, the Laboratorio Municipal de Ciudad de Manila was created and whose functions were to conduct biochemical analyses for public health and to undertake specimen examinations for clinical and medico-legal cases.
  • Its publication, probably the first scientific journal in the country was titled Cronica de Ciencias Medicas de Filipinas showed the studies undertaken during that time.
• Spanish Colonial Era

  • The exploitation of natural resources of the country through agriculture, mining of metals and minerals and establishing various kinds of industries were started during the this time to further promote economic growth.
  • In 19th century, Manila has become a cosmopolitan center and modern amenities were introduced to the city.
• Spanish Colonial Era

  • The Philippines had evolved into a primary agricultural exporting economy, and this is not because of the researches undertaken on this field, but was largely because of the influx of foreign capital and technology which brought modernization of some sectors, notably... sugar and hemp production.
• American Period

  • There was a rapid growth in science and technology during the American occupation and was made possible by the government's extensive public education system from elementary tertiary schools.
  • College of Agriculture (UPLB in 1909)
  • College of Arts, Engineering and Veterinary Medicine (UPD in 1910) and College of Medicine (UPD in 1914)
• American Period

  • The enrollment in veterinary medicine, engineering, agriculture, applied sciences and industrial -- vocational courses were dismal that the government had to scholarships to attract students. The Filipinos prefer prestigious professions at that time like priesthood, law and medicine. like
  • The Bureau of Science (formerly Bureau of Government Laboratories) was composed of a biological, chemical, and serum laboratory for the production of virus vaccine, serums and prophylactics, and library.
• The Bureau of Science (formerly Bureau of Government Laboratories) was composed of a biological, chemical, and serum laboratory for the production of virus vaccine, serums and prophylactics, and library.
• American Period

  • Beareau of Science: It served as the primary training ground for Filipino scientists and paved the way for pioneering scientific research, most especially on the study of various tropical diseases that were prevalent during those times like leprosy, tuberculosis, cholera, dengue fever, malaria and beri-beri.
• American Period

  • Another great contribution of the Bureau of Science to the development of science and technology in the country was the publication of the Philippine Journal of Science. This scientific journal published researches done in local laboratories and reported global scientific developments that had relevance to the Philippine society.
• American period

  • On July 1, 1901 The Philippine Commission established the Bureau of Government Laboratories which was placed under the Department of Interior.
  • The Bureau replaced the Laboratorio Municipal, which was established under the Spanish colonial era. The Bureau dealt with the study of tropical diseases and laboratory projects.
• American Period

  • On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of Science and on December 8, 1933, the National Research Council of the Philippines was established.
  • The Bureau of Science became the primary training ground for Filipino scientists and paved the way for pioneering scientific research.
• American Period

  • Science during the American period was inclined towards agriculture, food processing, forestry, medicine and pharmacy.
  • Not much focus was given on the development of industrial technology due to free trade policy with the United States which nurtured an economy geared towards agriculture and trade.
• American Period

  1. In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science.
• American Period

  In a report by the US Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950, there is a

  • lack of basic information which were necessities to the country's industries
  • lack of support of experimental work and minimal budget for scientific research and
  • low salaries of scientists employed by the government
• American Period

  • In 1958, during the regime of President Carlos P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of 1958 which established the National Science Development Board.
• Commonwealth Period

  • The Filipinos were busy in working towards economic reliance but acknowledge the importance and vital role of science and technology for the economic development of the country by declaring that "The State shall promote scientific research and invention..."
• Commonwealth Period

  • The prevailing situations during the time of Commonwealth period to the Japanese regime had made developments in science and technology practically impossible.
  • This is also true when World War II ended and left Manila, the country's capital, in ruins. The government had to rebuild again and normalize the operations in the whole country.
• Science and Technology Since Independence

  
  

  Institute of Science - replaced the Bureau of Science and was place under the Office of the President of the Philippines

  • Faced lack of financial support from the government and experienced planning and coordination problems

  In 1958, during the regime of President Carlos P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of 1958 which established the National Science Development Board (NSDB).
• Science and Technology in the 1960s to 1990s

  • The government declared in Section 9(1) of the 1973 Philippine Constitution that the "advancement of science and technology shall have priority in the national development."
  • April 6, 1968 - Pres. Ferdinand Marcos proclaimed the 35-hectare land in Bicutan, Taguig as the site of the Philippine Science Community
• S and T in the 1960s to 1990s

  • 1969 - the government provided funds to private universities to encourage them to conduct research and create courses in science and technology
  • 1970s - Philippine Coconut Research Institute, Philippine Textile Research Institute, Philippine Atomic Energy Commission were established under the National Science Development Board (NSDB)
• In the 1960s to 1990s, significant developments occurred in the Philippines:

  • 1972: Presidential Decree No. 4 created the National Grains Authority to improve the rice and corn industry for economic development
  • Philippine Council for Agricultural Research supported the progressive development of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
  • Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration (PAGASA) was established to provide environmental protection and ensure people's safety through scientific knowledge under Presidential Decree No. 78, s. 1972
• S and T to 1960s to 1990s

  • 1973 - Philippine National Oil Company was created by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 334, to promote industrial and economic development through effective and efficient use of energy sources
  • National Academy of Science and Technology The Energy Company - composed of scientists with "innovative achievement in the basic and applied sciences" who will serve as the reservoir of scientific and technological expertise for the country (1976)
• S and T in 1960s to 1990s

  • 1982 NSDB was further reorganized into a National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) composed of four research and development Councils:

  
• S and T in 1960s to 1990s

  • March 1983 - Executive Order No. 889 was issued by the President which provided for the establishment of a national network of centers of excellence in basic sciences

  
• S and T in the 1960s to 1990s

  • Scientific Career System in the Civil Service: designed to attract more qualified scientists to work in government and encourage young people to pursue science degrees and careers establish on July 19, 1983 by Presidential Decree No. 901
• S and T in the 1960s to 1990s

  
  

  Department of Science and Technology

  • the premiere science and technology body in the country charged with the twin mandate of providing central direction, leadership and coordination of all scientific and technological activities, and of formulating policies, programs and projects to support national development.
• S and T in the 1960s to 1990s

  
  

  DOST: replaced the National Science and Technology Authority in 1986, under the Aquino administration, with the ff. functions (January 30, 1987)

  1. Pursue the declared state policy of supporting local scientific and technological effort;
  2. Develop local capability to achieve technological self-reliance;
  3. Encourage greater private sector participation in research and development. moreover, funding for the science and technology sector was tripled from 464 million in 1986 to 1.7 billion in 1992.
• POST COMMONWEALTH ERA

  • During the 1970s, which was under the time of Ferdinand Marcos' presidency, the importance given to science grew
  • Under the 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 1, the government's role in supporting scientific research acknowledged.
  • In 1974, a science development program was included in the government's Four-Year Development Plan which covers the years 1974- 1978.
• POST COMMONWEALTH-ERA

  • Funding for science was also increased. The National Science Development Board was replaced National Science and Technology Authority under Executive Order No. 784. A Scientific Career civil service was introiduced in 1983.
  • In 1986, during Corazon Aquino's presidency, the National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology, giving science and technology a representation in the cabinet.