Lesson 7: Hydrocarbon Derivatives Part 1

• Hydrocarbon Derivatives are organic molecules where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a functional group, impacting their properties and chemical reactions
• Functional groups make hydrocarbons slightly polar and influence chemical reactions
• In Organic (Alkyl) Halides or Halocarbons, the functional group is a monatomic halogen, with a general formula R - X (where R = carbon chain and X = functional group)
• Naming of Organic (Alkyl) Halides or Halocarbons:

  • Prefixes fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, or iodo- are added to the parent hydrocarbon
  • The number of substituent halogen atoms is indicated by a prefix
• Steps for naming Organic (Alkyl) Halides or Halocarbons:

  1. Determine the longest carbon chain and name the hydrocarbon

  2. List the substituents as prefixes in alphabetical order

  3. Use the lowest set of numbers to indicate the positions of the substituents, with fluoro- taking precedence
• Cis and trans are geometric isomers where substituents are on the same or opposite sides of double bonded carbons
• Alcohols have a functional group -OH and a general formula R - OH
• Ethers are organic compounds with two alkyl groups joined by an oxygen atom, with a functional group - O - = ether and a general formula R - O - R'
• Steps for naming Ethers:

  1. Determine the longest alkyl group as the parent alkane

  2. Treat the second alkyl group and oxygen atom as an alkoxy group attached to the parent chain, naming it by replacing the -yl ending with -oxy
• Naming Examples for ethers:

  • ethoxypropane can also be ethylpropyl ether
  • methoxymethane can also be dimethyl ether
• the reason why some organic molecules are polar and have certain properties is because of the functional groups
• in alkyl halides, the halogen is singly bonded to the carbon since halogens can only form single bonds, so the double and triple bonds in an alkyl halide are between the carbons
• cis: substituents are on the same side of the double bonded carbon
• trans: substituents are on opposite sides of the double bonded carbon
• when numbering alcohols, start numbering from the OH group