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• Learning 


  A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
• Behaviorism


  A theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, & hoping.
• Associative Learning 


  Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection. Or ah association, between two events.
• Observational Learning 


  Learning that occurs through observing & imitating another’s behavior.
• Pavlov


  studied with dogs, wanted to know why dogs salivated in reaction to various sights & sounds.
• Unconditioned Stimulus (US)


  A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.

  • food for the dogs in the Pavlov experiment
• Unconditioned Response (UR)

  An unlearned reaction that is automatically relocated by the unconditioned stimulus. Are involuntary, they happen in response to a stimulus.

  • the dogs salivating for the food in Pavlov’s experiment.
• neutral stimulus


  becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus.

  • ringing of the bell in Pavlov’s experiment
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS) 


  A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

  • the ringing of the bell in Pavlov’s experiment
• Conditioned Response (CR)

  The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after a conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus pairing.

  • dogs salivating in response to the ringing of the bell.
• acquisition 


  The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus & the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.
• extinction (classical conditioning) 


  The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
• Spontaneous Recovery


  The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning.
• Generalization (classical conditioning) 


  The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
• Discrimination 


  The process of to response to certain stimulus & not others.
• Counterconditioning 


  A classical conditioning procensure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus & it’s conditioned response.
• Aversive Conditioning 


  A form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.
• Habituation


  Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.
• Operant Conditioning 


  A form of associative learning in which the consequence of a behavior change the probability of the behaviors occurrence.
• Shaping 


  Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.
• Reinforcement 


  The process by which a stimulus or an event (a reinforcer) following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again.
• Positive Reinforcement 


  The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.
• Negative Reinforcement 


  The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.
• Learned Helplessness 


  Through experience with unavoidable aversive stimuli, an organism learns that it has no control over negative outcomes.
• Primary Reinforcer 


  A reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organisms part to make it pleasurable.
• Secondary Reinforcer 


  A reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organisms experience; a secondary reinforcer is a learned or conditioned reinforcer.
• Positive Punishment 


  The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.
• Negative Punishment 


  The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.
• Latent Learning 


  Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.
• Insight Learning 


  A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into our understanding of a problem’s solution.