IMPERIALISMMMM TEST (2.0)

• Emilio Aguinaldo led the struggle against American forces in the Philippines
• Chulalongkorn modernized Siam by reforming the government, modernizing the army, and educating Thais in new technology
• Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown by American planters in Hawaii in 1893
• British seized Burma and pushed South through Malaya
• Siam achieved independence by modernizing and becoming a buffer zone between the French and British
• US annexed Hawaii in 1898 after overthrowing Queen Liliuokalani
• US took over the Philippines after the Spanish-American war
• Aborigines were the original inhabitants of Australia
• Indigenous refers to the original inhabitants of a region
• Maoris were local people of New Zealand, concentrated in a smaller area, descendants of seafaring people from Polynesia in the 1200s, settled farmers determined to defend their land
• Maoris resisted colonizers, leading to fierce wars that caused a dramatic decrease in the Maori population
• Penal colonies were established to punish criminals in isolated locations from society, like Australia where Britain sent convicts to clear land for settlement
• The 1791 Canada Act created English-speaking Upper Canada and French-speaking Lower Canada, each with its own legislature, laws, and royal governor
• In Lower Canada, French traditions and the Catholic Church were protected, while Upper Canada followed English laws and traditions
• New Zealand was a pioneer in democracy and in 1893 became the first nation to grant suffrage to women
• Caudillos were local strongmen who assembled private armies to resist the central government, looted the treasury, ignored the constitution, and ruled as dictators
• Benito Juarez, a Zapotec Indian, led an era of reform known as La Reforma in Mexico, stripping the military of power and ending church privileges
• The Monroe Doctrine, issued in 1823, declared the United States could not be colonized by European powers
• The Panama Canal, opened in 1914, facilitated worldwide trade but was seen by many Latin Americans as a symbol of "Yankee Imperialism"
• Regionalism refers to loyalty to a local area
• Ruling elites in Latin America, like in Europe, were divided by conservatives and liberals, with hacienda owners ruling estates and peasants working them
• Foreign investment in Latin America led to economic development, European immigration, and the growth of industries benefiting a tiny elite
• The US annexed Texas in 1845, leading to war with Mexico and the loss of half its territory
• Great Powers like Germany, Britain, France, and Russia had imperial ambitions that often conflicted, especially in Ottoman lands
• Rudyard Kipling, an English author, glorified imperialism in his works, emphasizing differences between cultures
• Cecil Rhodes, a British imperialist, promoted British power and imperialism in Africa
• Westernization equated modernization, leading many non-Westerners to adopt Western ways due to perceived superiority
• Economic dependency from imperialism disrupted traditional economies, leading to famines and local economies becoming reliant on industrial powers
• Western cultures viewed other cultures as inferior or exotic, often pressuring them to adopt modern ways
• Competition for global empires by Western powers caused tensions and contributed to the outbreak of two world wars
• Imperialism had economic, cultural, and political impacts:

  • ECONOMIC:
  • Industrial nations spread goods, capital, and technology, while receiving resources and labor
  • Economies shifted from barter to money-based, causing disruptions
  • Non-industrialized nations became dependent on imperial powers
  • Modernization was brought through banking systems
  • CULTURAL:
  • Western ideas often destroyed local cultures
  • Western culture spread through missionaries
  • Exposure to new products and ancient civilizations changed Western culture
  • POLITICAL:
  • Resistance to imperialism led to nationalist movements
  • Imperial powers tried to unite rival people under one government
  • Imperialism caused political tensions in Europe as nations vied for land
• rudyard kipling: English author who wrote poems and stories that often glorified imperialism, Kipling emphasized the differences between the “exotic” Indian culture and his own English culture
• Cecil Rhodes: a leading promoter of British imperialism and power hungry, once said “ "The more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race.... If there be a God, I think what he would like me to do is to paint as much of the map of Africa British red as possible."
• Economic impacts of imperialism:

  • Industrial nations spread machine-made goods, investment capital, and technology
  • Received agricultural goods, natural resources, and cheap labor
  • Economies in Asia and Africa became disrupted due to the switch from a barter economy to a money economy
  • Economies of non-industrialized nations became dependent on imperial nations
  • Imperialism brought modernization through modern banking systems
• Cultural impacts of imperialism:

  • Westerners pressed local people to adapt to western ideas, often destroying local culture
  • Western culture spread through missionaries who aimed to convert locals to Christianity
  • Western culture changed after exposure to new products like coffee and ancient civilizations
• Political impacts of imperialism:

  • Resistance to imperialism led to nationalist movements in Asia and Africa
  • Imperial powers tried to unite rival people under a single government
  • Imperialism caused political tensions in Europe as nations competed to acquire land