Reproductive system

• Penis - soft, tubular organ that hangs

  front of the body and is the

  external sexual organ of the male

  through which sperm are

  delivered into the female’s body.
• urethra - tube that passes through the

  penis to the outside of the body

  which carries urine and sperm;

  the valve within the urethra

  prevents the mixing of urine and

  sperm.
• testes - or also known as testicles, are made up of coiled tubules in which the sperm is produced. They produced the male sex hormones called testosterone for the production of sperm.
• scrotum - pouch of skin that hangs from

  the penis which houses the

  testes and it protects the sperm

  by keeping the temperature of

  the testes slightly lower than the

  normal body temperature in

  order the sperm to survive.
• vas deferens - tube that receives sperm from

  the epididymis of each testicle. It

  is about 18 inches long that loops

  over the urinary bladder.
• epididymis - coiled J-shaped tube located on

  the back of each testicle. It stores

  the sperm for two to four days

  after they have been produced.
• The Glands and Ducts of the Male Reproductive System - Vas Deferens, Urethra, Seminal Vesicles, Ejaculatory Ducts
• Sperm cell - is a unique structure located in the testis. Its primary

  function is to fertilize the egg.
• Along the way, the sperm combine with the nutrient secretions

  from the prostrate gland and seminal vesicles. This

  mixture is called semen.
• ovary - small and almond-shaped

  organs. It secrete hormones

  called estrogen & progesterone

  to produce mature egg cells.
• Fallopian tubes - tubes that extend from each

  ovary into the uterus. Main

  function is to house the egg until

  fertilization. Afterward, it

  provides a passage way leading

  the sperm to the egg and the

  fertilized egg to the uterus.
• Uterus - or the womb, is a hollow,

  muscular, pear-shaped organ

  located between the ovaries. It is

  where the fertilized egg will

  develop and grow into offspring.
• cervix - a narrow structure within an inch-long canal connecting the

  lower end of the uterus to the upper portion of the vagina.
• Vagina - or birth canal is the hollow

  tube leading from the cervix to

  the outside of the body. The wall

  is elastic which allows it to

  expand during childbirth and

  sexual intercourse.
• External Parts of Female Reproductive System - mons veneris, labia minora, labia majora, clitoris, vagina orifice
• vulva - is the global term that

  describes all of the structures

  that make the female external

  genitalia.
• mons veneris - is the hairy skin-covered

  pad of fat over the pubic

  bone.
• labia majora - is the large lips covered with

  pubic hair.
• labia minora - is the small lips covered with

  modified skin
• clitoris - small almond-shaped

  erectile tissue located below

  the junction of two minora.
• vagina orifice - is the opening into the

  vagina.
• Testosterone - It regulates the development of the male sex organs

  while still an embryo. It also controls sex drive and

  secondary sex characteristics at puberty.
• Estrogen - It controls sex drive and regulates the development of

  female secondary sex characteristics at puberty.
• Progesterone - It controls the development of the endometrium

  during the menstrual cycle and the maintenance of

  the uterus during pregnancy.
• Prolactin - It controls the development of the endometrium

  during the menstrual cycle and the maintenance of

  the uterus during pregnancy.
• Luteinizing hormones - In females, it stimulates ovulation, maturation of egg cells, and progesterone production; whereas in males, it stimulates sperm and testosterone production.
• Follicle-stimulating hormone - In females, it stimulates the maturation of egg cells in the ovary and estrogen production; whereas in males, it stimulates sperm production.
• Male hormones

  • Testosterone
  • Luteinizing Hormone
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone
• Menstruation - or a monthly period, is the

  monthly shredding of the

  lining of the uterus known as

  the endometrium.
• Stages of Menstrual Cycle

  1. Menstruation
  2. Follicular Phase
  3. Ovulation
  4. Luteal Phase
• Menstruation is from day 1 to 5
• Follicular phase is from day 6 to 14
• Ovulation is from day 15 to 19
• Luteal phase is from day 20 to 28
• How many days does a normal menstrual cycle last?

  28
• How many days does a short menstrual cycle last?

  21
• How many days does a long menstrual cycle last?

  35
• Gametogenesis - is the formation of the gamete.

  The first stage of an animal

  development in which the sperm

  and egg form and develop inside the

  reproductive systems.
• Fertilization - next stage when the sperm

  penetrates an egg then fusion of their

  nucleus takes place.
• Cleavage & Blastulation - third stage when the fertilized

  egg undergoes series of mitotic

  cell divisions and later becomes

  the early embryo. Also, a fluid-

  filled cavity is formed inside the

  developing embryo.