laboratory (cph)

• A microscope is an instrument that is used to magnify small objects.
• Some microscopes caneven be used to observe an object at the cellular level, allowing scientists to see the shape of a cell,its nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles.
• While the modern microscope has many parts, themost important pieces are its lenses.
• It is through the microscope’s lenses that the image of an objectcan be magnified and observed in detail.
• A simple light microscope manipulates how light enters theeye using a convex lens, where both sides of the lens are curved outwards.
• MATERIALS NEEDED: ➢ Microscope➢ Urine specimen➢ Urine reagent strip➢ Centrifuge
• 3 parameters- physical examination, chemical examination, microscopic examination
• physical examination- color, transparency
• chemical examination- ph, protein, specific gravity, glucose
• microscopic examination- low power objective (10x)/field and High power objective/ field (40x)
• Neutrophil phagocytizes (devour; eat) bacteria
• Granulocytes -have granules inside the cell
• Neutrophil aka polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes
• Neutrophil most abundant cell in human blood
• Neutrophil - nucleus has 3-5 lobes connected by hair-like filaments
• Neutrophil migrate to areas of infection or tissue injury, paler
• Neutrophil has an irregular shape nucleus
• Neutrophil 2-3 sizes of RBC
• Eosinophil kill parasitic worms; defense against parasitic infections, redder
• Eosinophil has evenly round nuclei
• Eosinophil modulate hypersensitivity reaction by degrading or inactivating mediators released by mast cells, such as histamine, leukotrienes (may cause vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction), lysophospholipid, and heparin.
• Basophil- defends the body against allergens, bacterial, fungal, and viral
• Basophil- infections, blood clotting, and parasites the granules hold both histamine and heparin
• Basophil- releases histamine and other inflammatory chemicals
• Basophil- dark purple, can't see the nucleus since it's dark, have lots of granules
• • Agranulocytes- no granules inside the cell
• Lymphocyte- found in lymph tissue (i.e. lymph nodes); produces antibodies or attacks the bacteria directly
• Lymphocytes- has the same size as RBC, the same amount of visible cytoplasm
• Monocyte- can leave the bloodstream and enter tissue; phagocytize bacteria
• Monocytes- derived from bone marrow
• Monocytes- part of innate immune response (function: regulate cellular homeostasis, especially in the setting of infection and inflammation)
• Monocytes- 2 distinct roles: regulate the body for microbial cells, orchestrate an immune response in times of infection and inflammation.
• Monocytes- gigantic, 4-5 size of RBC, has a nucleus like a kidney bean
• RED BLOOD CELLS- transport oxygen from lungs to the tissues and organs throughout the body
• Red blood cells- contain hemoglobin (a protein that binds to oxygen and gives blood its red color)
• PLATELETS- small, anucleated cell derives from the hematopoietic lineage via the megakaryocyte; derived from bone marrow via megakaryocyte
• Platelets- primary role in circulation: help maintain primary homeostasis and blood flow within the vessel.