3RD

• Volcanoes -are sources of geothermal energy
• active (has erupted in the last 10,000 yrs)
• inactive/dormant/potentially active (no activity during the last 10,000 yrs)
• extinct (no written records of activity: considered
• Volcano - is an elevated landform with an opening at the top called its crater, from where volcanic materials are ejected.
• Mantle -about 2890 km thick. Composed of dense but malleable rocks in the upper layer, and denser but solid rocks in the lower layer
• Subduction -heavier tectonic plate sinking to the mantle and the lighter plate rising above it.
• Tectonic plates -that comprise the crust are in constant but slow motion.
• Magma -semi-molten (not totally liquid) rock. extremely hot liquid and semi-liquid rock located under Earth's surface.
• Lava -Once the magma reaches the crust, it is called lava that flows over the surface.
• Fissure - elongated fracture or crack on Earth's crust from which lava erupts.
• Conduit -passage way through which magma travels to reach Earth's surface.
• Vent -opening where volcanic materials are released.
• Crater -bowl-shaped depression at the top of the volcano where the vent is located.
• Flank -sides of a volcano
• Magma Chamber or reservoir -underground compartment where the magma is stored.
• Stratovolcano -is formed by highly viscous or thick, slow-movinglava.-Also termed as composite cone volcano. -the most dangerous volcanoes.
• Shield Volcano -formed by loose and fluid lava that flows over eachother. -resembling a warrior's armored shield.
• Cinder Cone -also known as scoria cone -formed by fluid lava that is ejected becauseof highpressure that builds up in the magma chamber.
• Caldera Complex -A caldera is a depressionformedatthe summit of shield volcanoes. when these calderasexplode, they collapse over each other, creatingnewdepressions or calderas instead of adding or increasingthe size of the volcano.
• Lava Dome -Lava domes are mounds of lavaformedafter a volcanic eruption. Its magma has highlevelsofsilica and low amounts of dissolved gases. Theycanform inside the crater of the volcano or alongItsslopes.
• Submarine Volcanoes-These are volcanoes ontheocean floor and are formed through collisionof oceanicplates.
• Glacial Volcanoes -These are volcanoes that areoverlain by glaciers. Examples include the AlaskanVolcano
• Blasts -These are hot bursts of trapped gases that pushtheir way through solid barriers and rapidlyintotheatmosphere.
• Dome Growth -This refers to the mound of lavathatgrows inside the crater, called cryptodome. If it grows outside the volcano, it is called an exodome.
• Lahar -Also called mudflow or flow of volcanic debris.
• Lava flow -Refers to the molten rocks that move down the slope of volcanic vents.
• Pyroclastic flow -Refers to glowing hot material that moves down the slope of an erupting volcano and comes in contact with the surface.
• Pyroclastic surges -These are volcanic materials of gases, ash, rock fragments, and water extruded above the ground.
• Tephra Falls -Consist of combination of pumice, scoria (basalt), thick rock fragments, and crystals with tephra particles.
• Ash Plume -Cloud of ash that comes out of the crater
• Geology - Is a branch of science that deals with the study of the physical and historical aspects of Earth. Earth’s composition, structure, and dynamic processes, as well as organisms that inhabit it.
• Geochemistry -Chemical composition andchangesofmaterials that make up Earth
• Geophysics - Behavior of Earth in responsetophysicalforces
• Mineralogy -chemical composition andstructureofminerals
• Petrology -Composition and origin of rocks
• Paleontology -Fossils or remains of organisms
• Paleography -Geologic maps and locationoflandmasses that may have been lost
• Igneous rocks - rocks form from the cooling and hardening of molten magma. These rocks can form by slowly cooling beneath the surface or more quickly at the surface.
• Intrusive rocks - inside the volcano,Formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust