Social, Political and Cultural Changes

• Cultural change is the modification of a society through innovation, invention, discovery, or contact with other societies.
• Societal change is the alteration of mechanisms within the social structure, characterized by changes in cultural symbols, rules of behavior, social organizations, or value systems.
• Political change refers to a subject matter that is in constant flux. It deals not only with the major processes of growth , decay and breakdown but also with a ceaseless ferment of adaptation and adjustment of political systems
• Political change highlights the magnitude and variety of the changes that occurred in the world’s political systems.
• Innovation Is the invention of something new-an idea, a process, a practice, a device, or a tool.
• Anthropologists Leslie White (1949) maintains that the rate of change is tied to the size of the cultural base, the number of pre-existing inventions.
• INNOVATION denotes “the act or process of inventing or introducing something new”
• TYPES OF INVENTION:

  1. PRIMARY INVENTION
  2. SECONDARY INVENTION
• PRIMARY INVENTION Occurs when an individual or a group comes up with a completely new idea, method, or device
• SECONDARY INVENTION Occurs when an individual or a group further develops or improves on an already existing idea, method or device.
• DIFFUSION The act of spreading culture, tradition, objects and ideas to other societies.
• ACCULTURATION is a process by which a minority community in a place absorbs and adapts to some aspects of the majority culture but retains its own culture
• ASSIMILATION basically means becoming part of something bigger or integration into larger group.
• INTER-ETHNIC CONFLICTS (Ethnic war)Is an armed conflict between ethnic groups. “It contrasts with civil war on one hand
• CLASS STRUGGLE Refers to fight or battle for power between classes.
• The armed conflict between two or more government is called war. When such  a conflict assumes that global proportions, it is known as world war. Civil war, on the other hand, is the armed conflict between different parts or factions of the same nation.
• TERRORISM Is politically-oriented violence or threat of violence
• PROTEST Is a demonstration of dissent or disapproval, especially in a formal way.
• CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE is the refusal to obey civil laws or decrees which normally takes form of passive resistance.
• FASTING is abstention from food, and usually also from drink, for a longer than usual period.
• REBELLION is an armed hostility to an established government (or another authority) by a portion of those subject to its jurisdiction.
• The actions of leaders represent a trigger to social change
• social conflict is defined as the struggle for agency or power in society.
• BOYCOTT refers to refusal of a group to deal or associate with another group, an individual, an organization, or a nation.
• REVOLUTION has been depicted as a rebellion that is successful in overthrowing government.