Physical Examination of Urine

• Aromatic - Normal Urine Odor
• Foul, Ammonia-like - Bacterial decomposition, Urinary Tract Infection
• Fruity, Sweet - Ketones (DM, Starvation, Vomiting)
• Maple Syrup - Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)
• Mousy/Musty odor/Barny - Phenylketonuria
• Rancid - Tyrosinemia
• Sweaty Feet - Isovaleric acidemia
• Cabbage - Methionine malabsorption
• Bleach - Contamination
• Rancid butter/Fishy odor - Hypermethioninemia
• Odorless - Acute Tubular Necrosis
• Swimming pool - Hawkinsinuria
• Mercaptan odor - Asparagus, Garlic, and Egg
• Rotten/Decomposing egg/Sulfur odor - Cystinuria
• Menthol-like - Phenol-containing medications
• Rotting/Old Fish - Trimethylaminuria
• Pungent, fetid - Urinary Tract Infection
• Ammoniacal - Old Urine/Improperly stored
• Urinometer: Calibration Temperature (CT)- 20C

  *for every 3C above the CT, add 0.001

  *for every 3C below, subtract 0.001

  *for every 1g/dL of Protein, subtract 0.003

  *for every 1g/dL of Glucose, subtract 0.004
• Urea - primary organic component
• urea- product of protein metabolism
• creatinine - waste product of muscle metabolism
• uric acid - product of nucleic acid/ purine metabolism
• chloride - primary inorganic component
• sodium - primary from salt
• potassium - combined with CHLORIDE and other salts
• phosphate - combines with SODIUM to BUFFER blood
• ammonium - regulated blood and tissue fluid acidity
• calcium - combines with CHLORIDE, SULFATE and PHOSPHATE